Cirilo insiste en que, si bien por s misma la propia naturaleza humana no es poderosa, sino pasible, en su unin con la divinidad, como en el dinmico acto de la Encarnacin, la naturaleza humana del Logos se convierte as en un instrumento del poder omnipotente, y, por tanto en un sentido real, aunque mentalmente paradjico, en un instrumento omnipotente. The Alexandrian Christology is usually referred to as Christology from above, orLogos SarxChristology. Educational programs for all ages are offered through e learning, beginning from the online Para l, el Logos de Dios resucit a Lzaro de la muerte, mientras que el hombre Jess llor ante su tumba. Cyril insists that while of itself human nature is not powerful but passible, in its union with the godhead, as in the dynamic act of Incarnation, the human nature of the Logos thereby becomes an instrument of omnipotent power and thus, in a real thought paradoxical sense, an omnipotent instrument. [9] These tenets include the participation of created objects in eternal, incorporeal Forms, the impossibility of predicating truth about God, and the transmigration of the soul. Cirilo se sumerge en el debate con invectivas fuertes, remitiendo un documento Para Nestorio, el nuevo Judas. Given the various theological controversies that existed in Origens day, it is no surprise that his commentary evinces a somewhat polemical character. 0000007699 00000 n tuition and home schooling, secondary and senior secondary level, i.e. May 30, 2018 by Kyle Dillon 2 Comments. In other words, 0000002620 00000 n Our online courses offer unprecedented opportunities for people who would otherwise have limited access to education. However, it is not the final step. WebThe notion that there existed a distinction between so-called Alexandrian and Antiochene exegesis in the ancient church has become a common assumption among theologians. WebThe theology of the Alexandrian school was influenced by the Platonic traditions of Philosophy. 0000001508 00000 n On the one hand, Jewish interpreters insisted on the total and literal application of Mosaic Law, compelling Christians to defend the supremacy of the revelation of Christ. WebThe Alexandrian and Antiochian Christological Thoughts1 Many scholars attribute the problem of the Christological formula concerning the nature of Christ "Mia-physis and Dyophyses" to the controversy between the Alexandrian and the Antiochian theology. [11] Jews insisted on the total application of Mosaic Law, while Gnostics repudiated Mosaic Law altogether, but both camps were guilty of carnal exegesis. But, our concern was whether she could join the universities of our preference in abroad. Este es a la vez poderoso y frgil, majestuoso y humilde. Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses 78 (2002), 57-78. trailer << /Size 68 /Info 40 0 R /Root 43 0 R /Prev 25978 /ID[<3b600cd983abb0cf4f9f19502a618cce><3b600cd983abb0cf4f9f19502a618cce>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 43 0 obj << /Pages 41 0 R /Type /Catalog /Outlines 14 0 R >> endobj 66 0 obj << /S 85 /T 149 /O 195 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 67 0 R >> stream In particular, I will focus on his Commentary on Romans and show how his hermeneutical distinction between letter and spirit favors the continuity of Mosaic Law in Christian ethics. Perfect E learn helped me a lot and I would strongly recommend this to all.. This was the charge of the early church, and many modern scholars have followed suit. On the other hand, the term Anthropotokos acknowledges that Mary is the mother of this man but can itself be taken to suggest that he is merely a man, which again is offensive to orthodox Christian faith in the deity of Christ. 0000003186 00000 n Then, there were many different viewpoints of the doctrine proposed by Alexandrian School (ex: Arius, Athansius, and Apollinarius) and Antiochene School (ex: Grade 10 and 12 level courses are offered by NIOS, Indian National Education Board established in 1989 by the Ministry of Education (MHRD), India. 0000008998 00000 n By answering that question in the negative, the church acknowledged some degree of discontinuity with Mosaic Law. WebThe theology of the Alexandrian school was influenced by the Platonic traditions of Philosophy. [23] But the reason for this is historical rather than anthropological. Nestorio sostuvo que el trmino Theotokos no hizo justicia al hecho de que, en sentido Eirini ARTEMI, The rejection of the term Theotokos by Nestorius of Constantinople and the refutation of his teaching by Cyril of Alexandria De Medio Aevo 2 (2012 / 2) ISSN-e 2255-5889 126 estricto, Mara no fue la madre de Dios, sino la madre del hombre a quien la fe cristiana reconoce como divino, y por eso lo llama Dios. For Ariu s Christ was a creature, generated 0000005651 00000 n One of his favorite phrases is: The Logos suffered impassibly. It is at once powerful and fragile, majestic and humble. The solution for Origen was to uphold the Mosaic Laws spiritual meaning, as elucidated through the work of Christ. WebAlexandrian and Antiochene theologians were expedient hermeneuts, meaning they utilized whichever exegetical practice (allegory, typology, literal, historical) that would supply them with their desired theology or interpretive conclusion. Resumen: Cirilo de Alejandra no slo fue uno de los mejores telogos cristianos de su poca, sino que tambin se destaca en las filas de los ms grandes escritores patrsticos de todas las generaciones, como quiz el ms poderoso exponente de la cristologa que la Iglesia haya conocido. Por otro lado, el trmino Anthropotokos reconoce que Mara es la madre de este hombre, pero dicho trmino puede en s mismo dar a entender que l no es ms que un hombre, lo cual de nuevo es ofensivo a la fe cristiana ortodoxa en la deidad de Cristo. 0000001237 00000 n i.e, word became flesh. The contemporary historian Socrates called Nestorius a proud and ignorant man whose innate and undisputed oratorical power masked a weakness of incisive thought. Theodore of Mopsuestia prefers to speak of the perfect union of Christs natures rather than synthesis. These are the somatic, the psychic, and the pneumatic senses. In response to these teachings of Marcion, Origen defended the positive value and continuing relevance of Mosaic Law for Christians. The goal of this paper will be to evaluate the life and work of one representative of the Alexandrian tradition, Origen of Alexandria. The letter brings death when it is separated from the spirit, and when it is turned into an end in itself rather than a means to the end of spiritual obedience. WebThe notion that there existed a distinction between so-called Alexandrian and Antiochene exegesis in the ancient church has become a common assumption among theologians. He was endowed with a brilliant mind and a zeal for orthodoxy, but sometimes his efforts to combat heresies would cause him to over-correct in heterodox directions. Origens Hermeneutic in Historical Context. Ontological and dynamic aspects of deification through participation ( ) to the divine life, [Mitropolia Olteniei Journal 2014, Special Issue pp. First, it is a mistake to simply say that for Origen, ceremonial laws are literal, and moral laws are spiritual. That is, the impossibility to keep the letter of the law is not due to human sin, as later Protestant interpreters would argue. In spite of some of his more idiosyncratic conclusions, Origen developed an exegetical method that would have a profound impact on subsequent theologians. !CYf} qC%/f9 jhA4i4OMUA\:>v'E3 {yhPVQgllY+5p}`NW. WebANTIOCH, SCHOOL OF The common doctrinal tendencies, particularly in exegesis and Christology, that characterized the theological thinkers and writers who represented the Antiochian tradition. Grace is the essence of Sinai, but it is veiled until Calvary. WebAntiochene exegetes tended to insist more than their Alexandrian counterparts on the importance of seeing each biblical passage in its context within the longer narrative of Israels history, and to search for practical, moral applications, while Alexandrian interpreters tended to be more interested in the theological and spiritual meaning. [20] In this respect, one sees a clear overlap with the content of Mosaic Law, and especially the Ten Commandments. This was seen in Clements belief in the eternity of matter and thought, and in cosmic cycles predating the creation of the world. Origen identifies the content of natural law with what is known as the second table of the law, encompassing such prohibitions as murder, adultery, and false testimony. [25] Thomas Scheck, Law, in The Westminster Handbook to Origen, ed. Our Degree programs are offered by UGC approved Indian universities and recognized by competent authorities, thus successful learners are eligible for higher studies in regular mode and attempting PSC/UPSC exams. WebFrom 3rd to 4th century, Tertullian and Origen give a more complete doctrine of Christology. Clement (d. ca. [], [] Alexandrians vs. Antiochenes on Mosaic Law (Part 1) []. 0000004287 00000 n The difference between Alexandria and Antioch was not exegetical; it was theological. WebCyril of Alexandria was not only one of the finest Christian theologians of his day, he also stands out in the ranks of the greatest patristic writers of all generations as perhaps the most powerful exponent of Christology the church has known. test, which makes it an ideal choice for Indians residing M. F. Wiles and E. J. Yarnold (Peeters: Leuven, 2001), 306. There is no record of a formal school such as apparently existed at alexandria, although lucian of antioch directed his didascalion and Diodore of Tarsus his 0000000867 00000 n %PDF-1.3 % It was generally in contrast with and sometimes opposed to the theology of Alexandria. [6] Karlfried Froehlich, Biblical Interpretation in the Early Church (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984), 15-16. For Nestorius, the language of the exchange of properties was generally suspect, and often odious. The goal of this paper will be to evaluate the life and work of one representative of the Alexandrian tradition, Origen of Alexandria. Jesus Christ was both fully human and fully divine. For him, God the Logos raised the dead Lazarus, while the man Jesus wept at the tomb. The Christology of the Fourth Letter of Pseudo-Dionysius Areopagite: Chalcedonian or Monophysite? Origen (ca. WebAlexandria as they had his teacher Origen, but Arius almost single-handedly ushered in an era in which the church was well-nigh intoxicated with Christology, though he did so from a Trinitarian perspective and did not waste much time on the articulation between Christs disparate natures. Such aberrations in theology persuaded his own bishop Demetrius to denounce him as a heretic, and many of Origens views would be condemned in AD 553 at the Fifth Ecumenical Council in Constantinople. In Cyrils letters against to Nestorius, Cyril not only defends the title Theotokos against accusations that it was reviving the heresy of Apollinariusm, but he denies the very legitimacy of using alternative Christological schemes a such as the association of personas the Antiochian thinkers had spoken of. In their Christology they stressed the divinity of Christ. 3:6). [7], Such was the heritage of Origens forbears. [12] The critical edition of Origens commentary in the original Latin can be found in Caroline P. Hammond Bammel, Der Rmerbriefkommentar des Origenes: kritische Ausgabe der bersetzung Rufins, vols. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. However, church historians have long since recognized that this distinction is neither wholly accurate nor helpful in exegetical studies. Jesucristo era plenamente humano y plenamente divino. WebCompatibility of Antiochene and Alexandrian Christology - Read online for free. Thoughts on the Evidential Argument fromDesire, Alexandrians vs. Antiochenes on Mosaic Law (Part2), Alexandrians vs. Antiochenes on Mosaic Law (Part 2) | Allkirk Network, Moshe Rabbenu and Torat Moshe Immanuel Verbondskind , Review: God Reforms Hearts by ThaddeusWilliams, Review: Conservatism: A Rediscovery by YoramHazony, Review: Outsiders on the Inside by BillyBoyce, Review: The Myth of Colorblind Christians by JesseCurtis, White fragility, white guilt, and the ring ofGyges. have discontinued my MBA as I got a sudden job opportunity after l encontr en las expresiones Madre de Dios y Dios sufriente poco ms que una devocin ignorante que haba cortado tantos ngulos en sus implicaciones, hasta el punto de haberse quedado muy cerca de las concepciones mticas paganas de la deidad. According to Marcion, the material world was created by an inferior deity known as a Demiurge, who revealed himself to the Hebrews and gave them a law of strict retributive justice. Edwards also questions the common assumption that Origen held to a doctrine of the pre-existence of the soul. 0000009389 00000 n I was already a teacher by profession and I was searching for some B.Ed. Para Nestorio, el lenguaje del intercambio de propiedades era en general sospechoso, y con frecuencia odioso. For Origen, God ordained this historical event in order to guide his people from the letter to the spirit. In scriptural exegesis it placed more emphasis on the 185-254) was born in the Egyptian city of Alexandria to Christian parents. HVr6j.qR q}|HHOil$!R3Bok2'?ad #BHQ"Z7+:sGi iU`cVAwy2ZDOKu*&4Yd? For example, his refutation of Gnostic ideas like the permanent, intrinsic goodness or wickedness of souls led him to infer the possibility of final salvation for all people, even perhaps the devil. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. THE TRIAL OF EUTYCHES: A NEW INTERPRETATION, Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church - Mark J. Edwards, Compare and contrast the theological schools of Alexandria and Antioch. This makes Origen unique among early Christian interpreters in ascribing such a pedagogical significance to the fall of Jerusalem. Cyril of Alexandria was not only one of the finest Christian theologians of his day, he also stands out in the ranks of the greatest patristic writers of all generations as perhaps the most powerful exponent of Christology the church has known. WebAlexandrian and Antiochene theologians were expedient hermeneuts, meaning they utilized whichever exegetical practice (allegory, typology, literal, historical) that would supply them with their desired theology or interpretive conclusion. Hb```5x(1a.@qgUn+870p005x@g2b)(| OL He found, in the expressions Mother of God and God suffering, little more than an ignorant piety that had cut so many corners in its implications that it stood very close to pagan mythical conceptions of the deity. Antiochene theology Quick Reference A modern designation for a style of theology associated with the Church at Antioch, contrasted with Alexandrine theology. Conceiving Orthodox Christology, reviewing Cyril - pillar of faith'- Miaphysite Soteriology, in light of recent theological research, by Kasper, McGuckin, Meunier, Schoonenberg, Wickham, et al, Dogma and spirituality in Cyrillian logic. Una de sus frases favoritas es: El Logos sufri impasiblemente. 0000005673 00000 n 1 (2008), 95-110, The Lynching of Nestorius: Cyril, The Strongman of Alexandria, Created or uncreated: The influence of philosophy and cultural normatives on the development of opposing interpretations of Christ as Logos leading up to Nicaea, The Christology of Eutyches at the Council of Constantinople 448. Theological History of Two Natures/One Person, The rejection of the term Theotokos by Nestorius Constantinople, Nestorius did not intend to argue that Christ had a dual nature, but that view became labeled Nestorianism (PRO), The Two Is of Christ: Revisiting the Christological Controversy, El rechazo del trmino Theotokos por Nestorio de Constantinopla y la refutacin de su enseanza por Cirilo de Alejan, La Virgen Mara, Theotokos, y Cristo, verdadero Dios y verdadero Hombre. One important distinction is that between Mosaic Law and natural law. WebAlexandrian and Antiochian approaches to hermeneutics as deployed by John Chrysostom and Gregory of Nyssa as they work with the Beatitudes Typically, the view of Alexandrian and Antiochian hermeneutics has been one of dichotomy: Alexandrians were allegorical, and Antiochians were literal-historical. Antiochene side. Nestorio fue entronizado como arzobispo el 10 de abril 428. The difference between Alexandria and Antioch was not exegetical; it was theological. 0000008102 00000 n Make note of their respective leaders and methodologies, The Christology of the Coptic Orthodox Church, Conditioning Christology in the Early Church, Church History Lesson 17 -Christological Controversies to Chalcedon (451, The Result of the Christological Debate in the Council of Chalcedon, Christological Heresies Related to the Person and Natures of Jesus -Hammons.docx, Appealing to Creed: Theodore of Mopsuestia and Cyril of Alexandria, LOGOS-SARX CHRISTOLOGY AND THE SIXTH-CENTURY MIAENERGISM, The Mystery of the Incarnation: Towards a Reconciliation of Cyril and Nestorius, Divine Suffering & the Christological Vocabularies of St Cyril. For himself, he says, he has chosen to be on the. WebANTIOCH, SCHOOL OF The common doctrinal tendencies, particularly in exegesis and Christology, that characterized the theological thinkers and writers who represented the Antiochian tradition. I [13] Origen, Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, Books 1-5, trans. Alexandria had it's own form of Christology, that defined the Human Nature in the Hypostatic Union to be a generic human nature, and this was in contrast (although not incompatible) with the Antiochene Christology that define's Christ's Human nature as a specific human being. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Enter your email address to follow this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. [4] Elizabeth Lauro, Reconsidering Origens Two Higher Senses of Scriptural Meaning: Identifying the Psychic and Pneumatic Senses, in Studia Patristica 34, ed. 0000001216 00000 n program which is essential for my career growth. 120-146], The Mystery of the Impossible Union of Divinity and Humanity in Jesus Christ, "The Bishop of Rome and the Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon, AD 451: Why Pope Leo Is Doctrinal and Disciplinary Demands were Met," MA Thesis (2011), Duo filii and the homo assumptus in the Christology of Theodore of Mopsuestia: The Greek fragments of the Commentary on John., Is There Room for Two? One of Origens fullest treatments of the Mosaic Law is found in his Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. WebANTIOCHENE THEOLOGY The dominant theology of the early Church in Antioch. 0000008544 00000 n 0000004309 00000 n The literal sense is thus reduced to a mere receptacle, playing only an instrumental or subordinate role. WebThe Alexandrian and Antiochian Christological Thoughts1 Many scholars attribute the problem of the Christological formula concerning the nature of Christ "Mia-physis and Dyophyses" to the controversy between the Alexandrian and the Antiochian theology. successful learners are eligible for higher studies and to attempt competitive (LogOut/ In the following centuries, the church faced opposition on two fronts. The New Testament describes the early controversy over the question of whether to circumcise Gentile believers (Acts 15). However, church historians have long since recognized that this distinction is neither wholly accurate nor helpful in exegetical studies. Ever since its inception, the church has struggled to understand the proper place of Mosaic Law in Christian ethics. Part 1can be readhere. We follow a systematic approach to the process of learning, examining and certifying. Note: this paper was previously written for a class on the History of Biblical Interpretation at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia. St. Vladimirs Theological Quarterly 52, no. Dr. Pittenger's Criticism of the Alexandrine Christology.-In one place Dr. Pittenger admits that the Alexandrine and the Antiochene are two legitimate ways of thinking on the Person of our Lord, and that each of them will have adherents and admirers all the time. graduation. Si Jess era humano, argumenta Cirilo, y si Dios estaba en otro lugar, la Encarnacin, la Palabra hecha carne, carecera de sentido. He writes: The works which Paul repudiates and frequently criticizes are not the works of righteousness which are commanded in the law, but those in which they boast, who keep the law according to the flesh; that is to say, the circumcision of the flesh, the sacrificial rituals, and the observance of Sabbaths and new moon festivals. The goal of this paper will be to evaluate the life and work of one representative of the Alexandrian tradition, Origen of Alexandria. This led him to a rather syncretistic blend of Hellenistic cosmology and Logos christology, with the result that later interpreters would fault Clement for some of his Gnostic tendencies. Rather, the destruction of the Jewish temple in AD 70 nullified literal observance of the law. This article questions the value of the categories the school of Antioch and Antiochene christology on the basis of the significant theological differences between the two central figures in the school: John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia, both of whom studied together at the school of Diodore of Tarsus in the late fourth century. [8] Wai-Shing Chau. WebFrom 3rd to 4th century, Tertullian and Origen give a more complete doctrine of Christology. Palabras clave: Theotokos, Anthropotokos, Cristologa, Mariologa, Cirilo de Alejandra. Cristo tena dos naturalezas. [7] Piotr Ashwin-Siejkowski, Clement of Alexandria on Trial: The Evidence of Heresy from Photius Bibliotheca (Boston: Brill, 2010), 40-43, 75. As a result, the Alexandrians tended to see Mosaic Law in terms of continuity, and the Antiochenes tended to see it in terms of discontinuity. MBA is a two year master degree program for students who want to gain the confidence to lead boldly and challenge conventional thinking in the global marketplace. But the relationship between these two senses is like that between an earthenware vessel and a treasure hidden inside. 0000008565 00000 n (LogOut/ It is indeed a good and necessary step in the hermeneutical process. Hovorun, Serhiy. In scriptural exegesis it placed more emphasis on the Thus, like his predecessors Philo and Clement, Origen believed that the essence of Mosaic Law is also found in natural law. But the nature and extent of this discontinuity would continue to be debated. Digital Forensics. Nestorius was enthroned as archbishop on April 10th 428. Therefore, Origen understands the contrast between law and gospel not as one of judgment versus mercy, but rather imperfect religion versus perfect religion. Perfect E Learn is committed to impart quality education through online mode of learning the future of education across the globe in an international perspective. 85-160), whose name has become synonymous with an excessively lowview of the Old Testament. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. NIOS helped in fulfilling her aspiration, the Board has universal acceptance and she joined Middlesex University, London for BSc Cyber Security and in KSA, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and Bahrain. El misterio de la Encarnacin segn Cirilo de Alejandra, From Philosophy to Pastoral: A Theological Review and the Pastoral Explications of the Doctrine of the Two Natures in Christ -Chalcedon and Luther, Cyril, Nestorius, and the Logos: A Re-Examination of Early Church Epistles, The Practical Christology of Philoxenos of Mabbug, E. Artemi, The Christological Controversy between Nestorius of Constantinople and Cyril of Alexandria, A Critical Assessment of St Cyril of Alexandrias On the Unity of Christ, and its Significance for Patristic and Modern Theology, Christological Controversies of the First Four Ecumenical Councils, Cyril of Alexandria and Gregory Nazianzen: Tradition and Complexity in Patristic Christology, The Early Christological Controversy: Apollinarius, Diodore, and Gregory Nazianzen. It would be a mistake to say that the literal sense of a text was irrelevant for Origen; rather, discerning the literal sense was the necessary means by which one could attain the spiritual sense. Philo used this allegorical approach to Scripture to prove that Moses was superior to any pagan philosophers. "Abstract. This distinction corresponds in some degree to his distinction between letter and spirit, and it is only the ceremonial law as letter that Origen rejects. While the Alexandrian school adopted the "hypostasis union" or the "nature union" of the According to Edwards, the most that can be inferred from Origens extant writings is that the human soul is created in the hand of God immediately before embodiment, but this does not entail any supposed punitive fall from heaven, as Platonists contend. Alan J. Hauser and Duane F. Watson (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans, 2003), 352. [14] Riemer Roukema, Law of Nature, in The Westminster Handbook of Origen, ed. Although Philo was Jewish, his impact would prove to be far greater on later Christian interpreters, such as Clement. Then, there were many different viewpoints of the doctrine proposed by Alexandrian School (ex: Arius, Athansius, and Apollinarius) and Antiochene School (ex: While the Alexandrian school adopted the "hypostasis union" or the "nature union" of the [9] Mark Edwards, Origen against Plato (Hampshire, England: Ashgate, 2002), 160-1. 0000007081 00000 n [1] Donald Fairbairn, Patristic Exegesis and Theology: The Cart and the Horse, Westminster Theological Journal 69 (2007), 10-11; Brevard Childs, The Struggle to Understand Isaiah as Christian Scripture (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2004), 132-33; Frances Young, Alexandrian and Antiochene Exegesis, in History of Biblical Interpretation, ed. This sets up another important distinction in Origens conception of Mosaic Lawnamely, that between the ceremonial law and the moral law. 215 AD) was committed to the idea that all truth, whether in pagan or biblical sources, found its fulfillment in the reality of Christ. En sus cartas contra Nestorio, Cirilo no slo defiende el ttulo de Theotokos contra acusaciones de que estaba reviviendo la hereja del Apolinarianismo, pero l niega la genuina legitimidad del uso de esquemas cristolgicos alternativos, tales como la asociacin de personas, de la que haban hablado los pensadores antioqueos. ", Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions, Anglican Theological Review 94:3 (Summer), De Medio Aevo 2 (2012 / 2) ISSN-e 2255-5889. Had a great experience here. I strongly 0000002908 00000 n Quite the contrary, Origen believes that the letter of the Mosaic Law brought the beginnings of life to humanity. [3] According to Elizabeth Lauro, the somatic sense can be understood as literal, whereas the psychic and pneumatic senses are non-literal. Thanks to Moses and the ceremonial laws, a certain part of humankind began to be liberated from the kingdom of sin and death, and cleansing of sins began to be ushered in.[26] Origen even goes so far as to say that the Mosaic Law is a life-giving Spirit for those who understand it spiritually.[27] He argues that it is precisely on this point that both Jews and Marcionites fall into error. Origens doctrine of the body seems to directly parallel his doctrine of biblical interpretation. Christ had two natures. the 10/12 Board For Ariu s Christ was a creature, generated Cyril plunges into the debate with sharp invective, addressing one document To Nestorius, the new Judas.

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