abandoned places in hamilton scotland

Between 1822 and 1828, Alexander commissioned another expansion of the palace and had the interior designed to reflect the magnificence of the exterior, incorporating baroque themes along with Egyptian-style interior details. The interior has one of the longest-lasting echoes in the world, a phenomenon dramatically demonstrated to visitors by slamming the entrance doors. The vast space of the Inchindown Oil Tanks complex has no known rivals in its capacity for echoing. With fog rising off the moat, this castle is equal parts eerie and historically interesting. It acquired its characteristic looks mainly in 1684 when the 3rd Duke of Hamilton initiated a major rebuilding project. Countryside. 2023 Atlas Obscura. Explore Scotland's dedicated UNESCO Trail. Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only. There is no decoration on either the plinth or cross. [8] In May 2021, charitable donations enabled almost 500,000 of restoration work to be carried out on the mausoleum. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). You could probably find a list of places they've been, and then just follow their path. City Photo. They sold chip cones! Little more than a derelict shell, the haunting ruin of Slains Castle, also known as New Slains Castle, cuts an imposing landmark on the windswept coastline of Aberdeenshire. The former cinema, now a store, was extensively furnished directly from the White Star cruise liner RMS Homeric. It was created by a small group of volunteers. Like Atlas Obscura and get our latest and greatest stories in your Facebook feed. Now sitting untouched for decades, its been called The ghost of Sussexand thats not even the creepiest thing about it. The plans included a six-story tower, an indoor tennis court, a rooftop entertainment center and a wine cellar. Abandoned Cottage Full of stuff - SCOTLAND Exploring with Alec 65.8K subscribers Subscribe 2.2M views 2 years ago After squeezing through A small window to get inside of this cottage i was amazed. Since then more information has gradually been added. In some circumstances, cover can also be extended to Blackwood/Kirkmuirhill/Boghead (Usually only if the fellow CFR scheme in Lesmahagow area is not on call). House - Abandoned Bowlerama Level 1 Recreational - Demolished Bradshaw And Myers Cemetery Level 1 Cemetery - Closed Bruce Trail Stone Building Level 1 Foundations - Abandoned Burnt And A Dash Of Collapse Level 1 House - Demolished Can Not Get A Lift Level 1 Barn - Abandoned Century Manor Insane Asylum Popular Hospital - Abandoned Ceramic Workshop The signage is in Gaelic, so wayfinding can be an interesting challenge. There is full information on the groups activities on their own website. Touch device users, explore by touch or with swipe gestures. It seemed as though the village would then be lost to time, destined to crumble and decay until it was no more than a ruin. The castles magical setting on a hill in Polands Jura Chain has inspired painters and filmmakers, and it attracts a growing number of visitors, according to Polands tourism website. The unfinished castle of William Kellie Smith, a Scottish rubber plantation owner, is one of Malaysias most interesting structures. No purchase necessary. Abandoned Mansions. Montage of scenes: a falls, the fair at Auld Stonehouse, and Glassford Bridge, Cam'Nethan House (Residence of General Lockhart). Of course, it had many residents over the years, including the 4th Earl Marischal in the 1500s, a guardian of Mary, Queen of Scots, who was thought to be the wealthiest man in Scotland at the time. Opened by the Glasgow Central Railway in 1896, the Botanic Gardens railway station has closed twice over the years, first during the Great War due to funding constraints and then permanently at the outset of World War Two. Eastend House, South Lanarkshire - The earliest origins of Eastend are unclear, but there is thought to have been a castle on this site owned by the Carmichael family since the 13th century. Once considered one of the finest castles in Europe, Pidhirtsi Castle was built in the 17th century by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealths Crown Hetman Stanislaw Koniecpolski, according to Discover Ukraine. Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. A defensive structure built during the Hundred Years War has remained useful in one way or another for nearly 700 years. The property was offered to the Royal Navy as a hospital during the war but was afterward condemned and slated for demolition. The Last Stand, by Marc Wilson | Document Scotland. Inside Hamilton Palace - A closer look inside and out at the unfinished mansion. Stonehouse is close to the M74 motorway, with a junction at Canderside Toll about 1 mile (2km) from the village, which provides a link to Glasgow and other Lanarkshire towns to the North and Dumfries and Galloway and England to the South. The Botanic Gardens in Glasgow are a popular destination, but few know theyre just a stones throw from one of the citys most iconic abandonments: a subterranean Victorian railway station that has. Ironically, it would have featured Malaysias first elevator, but en route to purchase it, Smith died of pneumonia. The population of Stonehouse is around 7,500. The dining room was transported to America and has been reinstalled in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; and stone from the walls has been used toerect many other buildings. The roof has long since collapsed and a carpet of grass extends throughout. The end came for the palace in 1921; after almost four decades of neglect, it was demolished and erased from the landscape forever. Between 1945 and 1965, the other crofts and blackhouses on the Isle of Lewis received running water and electricity. Gaillard Castle, known in French as Chteau Gaillard, was a 12th-century castle on the Andelys cliff overlooking the Seine River. A man works a loom in an old blackhouse in Gearrannan Blackhouse Village. The Seminary was built in 1966 and abandoned almost three decades after. The locals speak English, but when not addressing tourists it is a great opportunity to listen to the language. In April 1921, with the consent of the Marchioness of Graham and Lady Mary Victoria Douglas-Hamilton, the trustees of the 12th Duke of Hamilton petitioned Hamilton Sheriff Court for permission to remove the remains of the 17 members of the House of Hamilton buried in Hamilton Mausoleum, and have them re-buried in ground they had purchased in Hamilton's Bent Cemetery. [6], The Duke was interred in an Egyptian sarcophagus of the Ptolemaic period, on a black marble slab in the main chapel,[3] while 17 of his ancestors were interred in the crypt below. [1] Built in the grounds of the now-demolished Hamilton Palace, its high stone holds the record for the longest echo within any man-made structure in the world, taking 15 seconds for the sound of a slammed door to fade. Before it was completed, family members who died were buried in a vault in the eastern section of the palace, which was a collegiate church. The abandoned castle has 365 windows, 52 rooms and 12 turrets to symbolize the number of days, weeks and months in a year. Home to the Dukes of Hamilton for nearly 300 years, inside its magnificent walls lived treasures to rival the Royal Collection. This futuristic airport terminal was abandoned for decades before reopening as a hotelwith a vintage plane of its own parked out back. Isle of Lewis, Isle of Harris & Stornoway. Cox, T., 2014. Originally planned to be the residence of a controversial real estate tycoon, this unfinished mansion is larger than even Buckingham Palace. For the hostel, prices are20.00 per person per night. They include the Peacock Room, which boasts a rainbow of colors and geometries, and a White Room, resplendent with Moroccan mosaic-tiled floors. Yet they linger on regardless, empty though very much a part of the built environment. Abandoned Mansions. See more ideas about abandoned places, abandoned, castle. Located in a dark and eerie forest, this seminary has a haunting atmosphere and is a must visit for those who get a thrill out of a beautiful and spooky experience. [7] By the 1920s subsidence and flooding from the River Clyde affected the mausoleum. See more ideas about abandoned places, abandoned, castle. Sheeran bought some of the ship's opulent furnishings at a scrap auction in 1935 and adapted them for installation inside the 750 seat picture house. Read these spooky ghost stories for even more chills. Huddled atop a hill overlooking the fierce Atlantic is a quaint cluster of stone cottages. At the current time, the Stonehouse scheme also covers:- Larkhall, Strathaven, Ashgill, Glassford, Sandford, & anywhere in between. They were dislodged the following year, after the victory of Andrew Moray and William Wallace at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. With these dotted across Scotland, its easy to see how myths arise and superstition takes hold. The palace reached its height of architectural grandeur under the ownership of Alexander, 10th Duke of Hamilton, and at its largest it was bigger than Buckingham Palace. He was buried in St. Ninian's churchyard, which, like other churchyards in the area, holds other Covenanter graves. World's longest echo in the Inchindown oil tank, An entrance to the tunnel leading to the oil tanks. It is believed the conflict at Sodom Hill was "a skirmish between the Convenanters and "Clavers," that is, the troops under John Graham of Claverhouse, who had been appointed captain by King Charles II. St Peters Seminary, Cardross, Scotland St Peter | John Dale /Flickr A fire in the central hearth kept the space warm, and a divider separated the human inhabitants from their farm animals, which remained huddled at one end of the building. Many of those rides found new homes at other theme parks when Loudoun Castle closed in 2010. Sonic wonderland: A scientific odyssey of sound. During the process, part of the building was temporarily used to house homeless miners families. See. Home to the Dukes of Hamilton for nearly 300 years, inside its magnificent walls lived treasures to rival the Royal Collection. Abandoned Places. Tours are on Tuesday and Wednesday mornings. The smaller part of the building was also used as a radio studio, providing a local FM radio station for most of South Lanarkshire. Today, the nearest railway station for Stonehouse is at Larkhall. The main reason for its decline was its great size, which made it too expensive to maintain. The oldest legible inscription is from 1663. Located a short walk from Galway, Menlo Castle was built in the 16th century and was home to English nobles from the Blake family. For the next 25 years, the subterranean facility lingered on as a ghost station, acting as a throughway for trains that never stopped. Paterson United Free Church of Scotland was renamed to honour H. A. Paterson, the church's minister who died in 1901, this church was originally called the United Presbyterian Church and was built in 1879. By the time of the First World War, Hamilton Palace was already in steep decline. The mysterious megaliths have enchanted and intrigued visitors for thousands of years. What are their secretsand why were they deserted? The remains of the 11th and 12th dukes were re-buried on the Isle of Arran, while the others were re-buried in Hamilton's Bent Cemetery in 1921.[3]. The Annandale way runs past the front of the house, Mavisbank House, Scotland A link for more information:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavisbank_House. New York Skyline. The first census return to be input was the 1891 census. [1] It was the resting place of the family of the Dukes of Hamilton. Today the park has a floodlit athletics track, football pitch, multi-surface games area as well as woodland walks and various play areas. A network of fortifications that never saw conflict. Worked here in summer of 1992. J W. 124 followers . Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. This is especially true of abandoned castles and their haunting charm. Built on the remains of a 19thcentury house and nestled in a forest, it was intended to be an integral part of the landscape. Now, the renovated blackhouses are available as holiday accommodation. Mausoleum of the Dukes of Hamilton, Scotland, People originally buried in Hamilton Mausoleum. Theres nothing quite like the thrill of the romantic and mysterious. Just take a boat ride on the Hudson River, about 60 miles north of Manhattan, to visit Bannermans Castle on the island of the same name. Winner will be selected at random on 04/01/2023. Their first project was the inputting of census information on Stonehouse (Lanarkshire) into a computer database. Both of these schools are within the catchment area of Larkhall Academy, but some children in the village attend Strathaven Academy. Stormofwind2. [19] The park and bandstand look over the Avon Valley. "[10], Ringsdale Castle, like Cot, was not a castle per se, but a motte. Located near the town of Invergordon, the Inchindown Oil Tanks were used to cache. Lightbody of Hamilton. The huge operations that stretched under the complex caused subsidence across the whole area. For 300 years, the Dukes of Hamilton used the palace and called it home. But unknown to many is the abandoned subterranean platform that lies hidden away in the gloomy bowels of the station. The population of Stonehouse is around 7,500. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer), movie and TV filming locations you can actually visit, you can rent these gorgeous castles on Airbnb, jaw-dropping photos of the worlds most beautiful countries, abandoned amusement parks that will give you the creeps, other historic places that are now abandoned, the worlds most amazing and underrated travel destinations, abandoned hotels that will give you the chills, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Its a peaceful place today, one of many abandoned wartime airfields across Scotland, where weed-strewn runways and dispersals stand as lonely monuments to those turbulent years from 1939 to 1945. They go around to various abandoned buildings, especially the cool ones. Why not stay in a castle, a lighthouse or on a working farm? [5], Cot (Kat) Castle might better be classified as a "keep" or a "tower house," more like a fortified house than castle per se. Like supernatural spots? [2] The mausoleum is Category A listed. . Stonehouse Hospital opened in 1896 and provided care for sufferers of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases and was said to be "the best isolation hospital in Scotland". Palace Uk. During the 14th and 15th centuries, keeps or tower houses were easier for the Scots to maintain against their wealthy foe to the south. Few places in Scotland are as remote or evocative as the deserted settlement on Hirta, the largest island of the St Kilda archipelago. It's recommended to book your bed in advance, although the hostel does accept walk-ins if space allows. Today, despite its dark history, this site is a lot less macabre. therefore providing an extremely quick search facility. The edifice was severely damaged in the mid-1600s when Oliver Cromwells troops attacked it with cannon fire; local farmers subsequently took some stones for their own building projects. Construction was begun in 1840 by architect David Hamilton and completed by architects David Bryce and sculptor Alexander Handyside Ritchie in 1858, five years after the death of the 10th Duke. Here arejaw-dropping photos of the worlds most beautiful countries. The village's oldest structure are the ruins of St Ninian's Church, which date from the 17th century and stand in an ancient graveyard on the edge of the village. In no way do we advocate trespassing on private property or entering dangerous locations where there could be many hazards. Standing to an overall height of about 123 feet (37 m), it occupies a site some 650 feet (200 m) north of the site of Hamilton Palace. Defense of Cot Castle would have been aided by the fact that it was built on the banks of the River Avon atop a cliff face. St. Peters Seminary only served its purpose for 14 years before it was abandoned to the elements, a serene sanctuary once meant to provide young men with the quiet, reflective atmosphere conducive to beginning a life in the priesthood. Old photograph of the library in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. Performance & security by Cloudflare. A railway station was also located here at more recent times.[7]. We added more than 2,500 places to the Atlas this year, and these are the ones that really stuck with us. Grahame Critcher. What remains of the grand house today was mostly built and re-built in the 1800s for the Countess of Loudoun, who oversaw the 90-room castle with its 10,000-volume library and the unofficial title of the Windsor of Scotland. The property itself contains its own mausoleum and is surrounded by threatening signs warning off trespassers. Exploring the forgotten, abandoned and rarely seen places in Scotland.. This reserve is a remnant of a large area of raised bog and is maintained by the Scottish Wildlife Trust. No purchase necessary. Upon demolition, he moved to his preferred Dungavel House, which now operates as an immigration detention center. We rounded up 17 of the eeriest and most interesting abandoned castles to find out. (Image: ChooChooMagrew; Glasgow Centrals secret Victorian Platform), Merkland Street: Glasgow's Only Ghost Station, Gartloch Lunatic Asylum:http://www.flickr.com/photos/brickman_photos/5228399239/. Birkwood Castle in Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire, Scotland is a Gothic mansion which dates from 1860. Check out the spookiest travel destinations around the world. Another curiosity of the interior architecture is the "Whispering Wa's" or walls. To this day, Hamilton Palace is still considered by many to be the greatest loss of national heritage in Scottish history. Despite its demolition, some parts still live on today at different locations. Abandoned Hartwood Hospital, Lanarkshire, Scotland. We are no longer supporting IE (Internet Explorer) as we strive to provide site experiences for browsers that support new web standards and security practices. A deserted village on the outskirts of the Arabian Desert, A Metropolis stuck in the Nevada desert: drought, disease, then a plague of locusts finished off the town. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. This post-war motel embodies a little-known, Miami-born architectural style. Their distinctive stone cottages were left to the elements when St Kilda was abandoned the following year, though a handful of National Trust and defence employees maintain a temporary presence on the mysterious archipelago today. Click to reveal Places that have been abandoned often have fascinating histories, like these abandoned amusement parks that will give you the creeps. After World War II, this castle was turned into a luxury hotel until it closed in the 1990s. When several residents failed to survive the harsh winter of 1929, the remaining 36 islanders petitioned the government to relocate them to the mainland. We travel around the UK. It was abandoned and left in ruins until 1925, when an English viscountess undertook its restoration. The end came for the palace in 1921; after almost four decades of neglect, it was demolished and erased from the landscape forever. While you obviously cant stay in this castle, you can rent these gorgeous castles on Airbnb. Although he was the one to commission it, Alexander did not live to see the mausoleum completed, as he died in 1852. Part of the expansion under Alexander, construction on the mausoleum began in 1842 and lasted until 1858. Hamilton Mausoleum is a mausoleum located in Hamilton, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. Hamilton. [23] However, there are no footpaths and access across it is difficult. More information.. More like this. [12], In the area of Stonehouse, there are a number of castles on the outskirts of the parish: Allanton, Brocket, Plotcock, Glassford, and Darngaber motte. Search routines were developed so that the data could be easily accessed through a number of options that included Surname, full Name, Address etc. Life was tough in this isolated, windswept corner of the British Isles with its turbulent history of smallpox epidemics, mass emigrations and uncompromising weather. Nestled amid the relative shelter of Village Bay, the stone ruins span the ages and include a series of tumbledown cottages built during the 19th century in a bid to help islanders. The sound reverberated for an incredible 112 seconds, easily beating the standing world record for longest echo. The millionaire who built it was imprisoned for 10 years on charges of organizing the murder of a business rival. It stood to the north of the town of Hamilton, named after the Dukes of Hamilton. Stonehouse has two primary schools in modern buildings: Stonehouse Primary and Newfield Primary. This once-abandoned village both preserves a piece of . We have in the Scotch 'hale, and I suppose our English word 'whole'with a 'w'all of one piece without any hole in itis the same word. The old Victorian hospital building was demolished and a new hospital opened in May 2004. Four holy wells stood in Stonehouse in pagan times, but may eventually have been adapted to Christian use as baptismal fonts. Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. United Kingdom. [17] The distinctive bandstand[18] came from the 1911 Scottish National Exhibition in Glasgow. Offer subject to change without notice. At the time of writing (1 September 2010), the first year stats. She earned a BA in Communications from Simmons University. Beautiful Buildings. Shandon House is a striking example 19th century Scottish Baronial architecture. This is the fifth largest Scottish town, excluding cities, after Paisley, East Kilbride, Livingston and Cumbernauld. [3] In 2014 the record was thought to have been broken at the Inchindown oil storage tanks in the Scottish Highlands, however this was classed as a reverberation, rather than an echo. His sudden death ultimately prompted his forlorn wife to sell the property, which was later abandoned. Mar 5, 2022 - Explore Andr Wesenberg's board "Abandoned places" on Pinterest. Discover (and save!) Here are pictures of abandoned car dealerships that will spook you, too. In 1929, after the Union of the Churches, this was renamed to St Ninian's Parish Church of Scotland. Now a popular site for graffiti and still in legal limbo, the castles future is uncertainbut Kazimierczak still hopes to finish construction and move in one day. Pinterest. Hamilton Palace was a complex that served as the seat of the Dukes of Hamilton in Hamilton, Scotland, for nearly 300 years. This hall was built in the late 19th century at Trongate, close to Stonehouse Cross. Aerial View . Visitors can enjoy an informative exhibition on siege warfare, and in the summer and on weekends in the winter, they can visit the castles tearoom for a treat. Gary Horaczek 768 followers More information It is on Avon Water in an area of natural beauty and historical interest, near to the Clyde Valley. Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. In 2014, 12 years after the tanks were decommissioned and emptied, an acoustic engineering professor named Trevor Cox discovered that they were capable of producing the worlds longest echo in a manmade structure. Theres something eerily fascinating about abandoned places, melancholy reminders of previous eras with seemingly little purpose in the modern world. Built by Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, the castle was eventually conquered by Philip II of France in 1204. Members of the group are fully trained in the use of Defibrillators, supplemental Oxygen use, Airway management, and various other aspects of Basic Life Support. The ruins of the original St Ninians church are situated within its own cemetery off Manse Road. South Lanarkshire Lifestyles - Stonehouse, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Mid-2020 Population Estimates for Settlements and Localities in Scotland", "Archives and records - South Lanarkshire Council", "NEW TOWNS (SCOTLAND) BILL (Hansard, 29 March 1977)", "254 - Strathaven or Stonehouse - Hamilton or Hairmyres Hospital Whitelaws Coaches ", "Millheugh Road Alexander Hamilton Memoria", Keep It Stonehouse - Stonehouse Business Association, StonehouseOnline.org.uk - The community website of Stonehouse, South Lanarkshire, Stonehouse Books - history publications by John R. Young to buy or download, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stonehouse,_South_Lanarkshire&oldid=1114651668, Articles needing additional references from April 2013, All articles needing additional references, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 7 October 2022, at 15:41. You should check out the by-law crawl. After many dramatic centuries worth of battles and betrayals, the castle was confiscated by the government in the 18th century. Where the sleeping monsters of Scotland's oil industry are left to rust. Near this village is the Calloway Mill, where they process the wool to be made into Harris Tweed, send it out to the weavers on five-foot "beams," and then clean the fabric that is returned, package it, and send it around the world where it is made into suit jackets, hats, wallets, and other items. All of the Hamiltons valuable possessions were sold off at auctions, and between 1921 and 1926, Hamilton Palace was leveled to the ground. Saranta Kolones translated into English means 40 columns. The original Byzantine castle was built on 40 granite columns, according to the travel website of Cyprus, and its thought to have been built in the 7th century. Jan 25, 2020 - Explore Heather Raibourn's board "Ancestry" on Pinterest. Urban Exploring the forgotten and abandoned places of Scotland.For any enquiries e-mail:abandonedscotland@gmail.com Dunmore Park and Its Pineapple House in Airth, Scotland, Dramatic Photos Showing The Effects Of Increased Population, Australians Creating Black Box to Hold World Accountable for Climate Change. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. Since the 14th century, Ogrodzieniec Castle has been celebrated as an iconic medieval structure that defended the Polish Crown. After the 12th Duke sold all of the art for the staggering sum of 400,000 (around $61 million in todays money) the 13th Duke gave permission for the palace to become a hospital during the First World War. The construction put the Hamilton family into a large amount of debt and the subsidence caused by excessive coal mining in the area did little to help the situation. The English found Stirling Castle abandoned and empty, and set about occupying this key site. South Lanarkshire Council have recently undertaken a feasibility study in order to examine whether the railway from Larkhall could be extended towards Stonehouse; however the major obstacles are the viaduct which whilst the piers remain, the decking was removed in 1984. [4], In line with his grandiose enlargement of Hamilton Palace, Alexander, 10th Duke of Hamilton, replaced his family burial vault which stood close to the east quarter of the palace in the aisle of the old and dilapidated collegiate church. The railway was closed in 1965. Due to the rural location of the Avondale area, it can sometimes take an ambulance upwards of 10 minutes to attend an incident. The purpose of the group is to provide supplementary emergency medical cover within the area, specifically to allow rapid attendance at instances of things like Cardiac Arrest, Central Chest Pain, Sudden Adult Collapse or Breathing Difficulties. Like many ancient lands steeped in history, Scotland is a vast repository of forgotten places that span the centuries. The act of urban exploring is going into abandoned and dilapidated buildings that are often fenced off or hidden away from the general public. When not pitching story ideas and cherry picking words, she can be found capturing sweet moments with her fluffy dog and office mate Theo. Offer available only in the U.S. (including Puerto Rico). This year developers say they hope to rebuild the 86-acre estate. 2023 VisitScotland. Offer subject to change without notice. Hamilton,Scotland. Thanks to the Bannerman Castle Trust, the curious can still visit the site and enjoy special events. A long park chute was built into the hillside and was opened in 1933 by Councillor Thomas Wilson but was dismantled in 1967.[20]. While it is privately owned, it is now open to the public to enjoy. May 19, 2018 - This Pin was discovered by Gaunyirsel. Another battle took place about 10 miles (16 kilometres) northeast of Stonehouse at Sodom Hill. Glasgow Scotland. When it was erected, Hamilton Palace was the largest mansion without a royal designation in all of Britain. Today, the castle remains a hot spot for history buffs and tourists. The destruction of Hamilton Palace was one of the greatest losses to national heritage ever to happen in this country, writes National Museums Scotland. Extensive mining in the area was also a factor in the palaces downfall. 103.80.48.51 Here are other true urban legends to give you the creeps.

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