Genevieve Camp Crowder, outside of Neosho, Missouri Camp Clark, outside of Nevada, Missouri Click here for a state map showing camp locations 339-351. {{start_at_rate}} {{format_dollars}} {{start_price}} {{format_cents}} {{term}}, {{promotional_format_dollars}}{{promotional_price}}{{promotional_format_cents}} {{term}}, 4 killed, 4 critically injured in crash at South Grand Boulevard and Forest Park Avenue, Parents push back on allegations against St. Louis transgender center. It held soldiers and officers of the Italian army captured in the Allied Mediterranean campaigns during World War II. They were much less formal, much less heavily guarded, and there were much more opportunities for social interaction.. In Kansas, for example, some farmers invited their POW workers for meals and allowed them to go hunting or pony riding unattended. The photo was taken in March 1945, shortly after radio commentator Walter Winchell told his national audience that POWs from Gumbo could sneak across the river and blow up the munitions plant at Weldon Spring. Later known as an anti-Nazi camp where many intellectuals, artist, writers were among the POWs. McDowell noted the cigarette case is not only a beautiful piece that serves as a link to the past, but represents a story to be shared of the state's rich military legacy. After the war it became a men's dormitory for. They werent cooperative, they were defiant and intended to cause trouble any way they could, Fiedler said. Glidden (left), commander of Camp Weingarten, looks across part of the 960-acre prisoner-of-war compound in Ste. They worked at 8 local canneries until moving to other parts of Wisconsin in August, 1945. The majority of escapees were captured quickly and without incident. by Letters to newspapers complained of coddling prisoners with such things as swimming-pool time at Jefferson Barracks, where 400 Germans were housed. Hollywood movies and cartoons were screened. In 1946, the post was deactivated and placed in a caretaker status. His hometown really wasnt all that far from Camp Weingarten, she added. ", The Untold Truth Of America's WWII German POW Camps, History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army 1776 to 1945, American Reeducation of German POWs, 1943-1946, Icons of Insult: German and Italian Prisoners of War in African American Letters During World War II, Returning to America: German Prisoners of War and American Experience. In late October of 1950, over 800 POWs left Manpo for village camps closer to the Chinese border near Chungung, known as the Apex Camps. This book concentrates on the Missouri camps - main camps and satellite work camps - and their German and Italian captives. There was no 24-hour news cycle. Genevieve County. "My mother's brother, Dwight Hafford Taylor, was raised in the community of Alton in southern Missouri," McDowell said. {{start_at_rate}} {{format_dollars}} {{start_price}} {{format_cents}} {{term}}, {{promotional_format_dollars}}{{promotional_price}}{{promotional_format_cents}} {{term}}. Shortly after Taylor received assignment to Camp Weingarten, Italian prisoners of war began to arrive at the camp in May 1943. The caption information from 1945 does not identify the boat as the one on the Missouri River, near today's Chesterfield, or the one at the foot of Arsenal Street. e-mail PublishedDecember 8, 2016 at 3:26 PM CST, Credit Kelly Moffitt | St. Louis Public Radio. A handpicked group of intellectual American officers joined forces with anti-Nazi POWs, and the democracy-promoting strategies of The Factory, as it became known, were devised. Due to a labor shortage, Italian Service Units worked on Army depots, in arsenals and hospitals, and on farms. A 120 feet (37m) nearly completed escape tunnel was discovered by authorities. Between 1861 and 1865, American Civil War prison camps were operated by the Union and the Confederacy to detain over 400,000 captured soldiers. Although her uncle died in 1970, records accessed through the National Archives and Records Administration indicate he was drafted into the U.S. Army and entered service Nov. 10, 1942, at Jefferson Barracks. Post-Dispatch file photo. Post-Dispatch file photo, Three Italian POWs paint and draw during free time at Camp Weingarten in June 1943. Per articles of the Convention, American soldiers were compelled to salute higher ranking POWs, and the infamous Nazi salute was permitted. at aheuer@stlpr.org. endstream POW Fritz Ensslin noted in a letter (via The Fallen Foe) that at his Missouri camp a "cabaret theater and even a dance group consisting of 12 'girls' trained by a ballet master" gave performances that were regularly attended by American officers. They decorated their barracks with their work. Genevieve and Farmington, Missouri, (Camp Weingarten) had no pre-war existence," Fiedler wrote. You may come to the Missouri Valley Room to view it or request a photocopy from the Library's Document Delivery service. The level of instruction was so high that some German universities offered full credit to returning POWs. Less well known are the prisoner of war camps that sprang up in rural communities across the country to house combatants from Europe and Japan. Unfortunately, while the U.S. generally honored the Convention, neither Japan, which never signed the agreement, nor Germany, which chose to ignore it, did. However, POW Camp Road is not about the road itself. German POWs march into the mess hall at their small work camp on the Hellwig Brothers Farm on Gumbo Flats, the Missouri River bottomland now called Chesterfield Valley, in March 1945. Photo by Buel White of the Post-Dispatch. Over time, the POWs not only proved themselves capable workers troublemaking Nazis aside they also earned the trust and admiration of many of their private employers. 'P?W"=m!er\!qw%p`YU|CYPJ*,naMSanr,{3zpY6U,Av/ Camp Weingarten. Opened in 1943, a segregation camp from 1944. As noted by Time, until 1948, the U.S. military was, like much of America, a segregated institution. There were some instances where individuals took out personal attacks against the Germans and Italians, but on the whole, Americans accepted that the government was housing prisoners of war in their own backyards. With Glidden is Lt. Lawrence Ponetretti, an Army interpreter. A few concrete ammunition bunkers are the last remnants of the POW camp. "It was a beautiful day, all looked so peaceful. *wh};yeErfRV8n#z St. Louis on the Airbrings you the stories of St. Louis and the people who live, work and create in our region. Two escaped. Post-Dispatch photo, German POWs on a "boat camp" in the St. Louis area play chess and relax on the deck in 1945. Consequently, the POWs had little concern about getting caught. | Updated May 7, 2018 at 11:23 a.m. Former Jefferson City resident Lyman Lester McDowell was given this cigarette case by his brother-in-law, Dwight Taylor, during World War II. After completing his initial training, he was designated as infantry and became a clerk with the 201st Infantry Regiment. [2][3][4][5][6], At its peak in May 1945, a total of 425,871 POWs were held in the US. They worked as lumberjacks, mechanics, sign painters, tailors, and in hundreds of other positions, according to History of Prisoner of War Utilization by the United States Army 1776 to 1945. It was noted that many of the Italians were semi-emaciated when arriving in the United States because of a poor diet. xZOHa From the start of the Civil War through to 1863 a parole exchange system saw most prisoners of war swapped relatively quickly. Subscribe with this special offer to keep reading, (renews at {{format_dollars}}{{start_price}}{{format_cents}}/month + tax). As that took place, about 2,000 acres (8.1km2) of the post was turned over to the U.S. Air Force as a buffer zone around Air Force Plant 65, a government owned-contractor operated liquid propelled rocket engine manufacturing facility operated by the Rocketdyne division of North American Aviation. The Italian and one German POW who committed suicide rather than be repatriated are buried just outside the post cemetery boundaries. They were contracted to work on farms and in canneries, mills, and tanneries. Pfc. All buildings have since been demolished, the only structure left standing is the base of one stone pillar where the main gate of the camp stood. The camp was just east of the village of Weingarten, on Missouri Highway 32, west of Ste. Although some in Congress decried this apparent "coddling" of the POWs, the War Department, as noted by HistoryNet, remained confident that news of the benefits enjoyed by the POWs would reach Germans still fighting overseas and encourage their surrender. Capacity for 4800 at main camp. The Factory also created Der Ruf, a German-language newsletter, "written by German POWs for German POWs." About 15,000 of them were sent to 30 camps scattered across Missouri. New Hampshire's only POW camp. See the World War II POW camps near St. Louis. Housed diverse groups of POWs ranging from Afrika Corp troops, Italian, Yugoslavian, Chechen, Russian conscripts and others. Had program to instill democratic values in Germans based on newspaper. Post-Dispatch file photo, Three Italian POWs paint and draw during free time at Camp Weingarten in June 1943. You can also listen to this Radiolab piece called Nazi Summer Camp, about prisoners of war in Idaho, or read this Smithsonian article about the nationwide POW movement. According toSociety for Military History, because of its scant experience dealing with POWs, the U.S. chose to follow the edicts of the untried 1929 Geneva Convention. endobj Too old to participate in the company sports . Post-Dispatch file photo, The front gate of the POW camp at Hellwig Brothers Farm on Gumbo Flats, part of the Missouri River bottomland in St. Louis County. Sited on the abandoned Civilian Conservation Corps camp about 1.6 miles east of the Stark Covered Bridge in Stark, Coos County. This movements became known as the "Tiger Death March," so called for the brutal treatment that the prisoners . When returning to camp, one of the POWs with whom Taylor had established a friendship was given the pie pan and used it to demonstrate his abilities as an artist and craftsman by fashioning it into a cigarette case. The Chicago Tribune reported Oct. 23, 1943, that the prisoners at Camp Weingarten soon "put on weight" by eating a "daily menu superior to that of the average civilian.". Photo by Buel White of the Post-Dispatch, The chow line on a boat camp at St. Louis in 1945. You have permission to edit this collection. MVSC 940.5472 F45e. However, from 1863 this broke down following the Confederacy's refusal to treat black and white Union prisoners equally . 1. "My uncle then gave the cigarette case as a gift to my father, who was living in Jefferson City at the time and working as superintendent of the tobacco factory inside the Missouri State Penitentiary," McDowell stated. Click here for a state map showing branch camp locations. Fort Crowder was a U.S. Army post located in Newton and McDonald counties in southwest Missouri, constructed and used during World War II. POWs built secret tunnels, slipped away from inattentive guards, constructed dummies of themselves, and impersonated U.S. officers, among other tricks. The installation housed around 900 Germans, who worked as gardeners and maintenance men around the base and surrounding community. When returning to camp, one of the POWs with whom Taylor had established a friendship was given the pie pan and used it to demonstrate his abilities as an artist and a craftsman by fashioning it into a cigarette case. The case not only had a specially crafted latching mechanism, but was also etched with an emblem of an eagle on the cover with barracks buildings and a guard tower from the camp inscribed upon the inside. The prisoners were given considerable freedom at these camps. 4 0 obj Although her uncle passed away in 1970, records accessed through the National Archives and Records Administration indicate he was drafted into the U.S. Army and entered service at Jefferson Barracks on November 10, 1942. The POW was then moved to a camp in the United Kingdom before being placed on a troopship bound for Canada in October the same year. In what must have been one of the bizarre coincidences of World War II, Hennes was a prisoner at the same camp as his father, Friedrich Hennes. The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During World War II. Only one escaped entirely. Weingarten was the location of a large prisoner of war camp during WWII. Camp Clark was established in 1908 and was used as an assembly point for troops serving in Central America, in the Mexican border war, and in World War I. endobj For 16 years, starting in 1957, rocket engines for missiles such as the Atlas, Thor and Saturn were assembled and tested at Air Force Plant 65. The camp had no pre-war existence, and unlike the other major camps in the state, it never served any military function other than a pen for Italian POW's. The first POW's, all Italian, arrived on May 7, 1943. According to theSociety for Military History, because the Geneva Convention limited how differently one POW could be treated from another, camp authorities initially made "no distinction between ideologically hardened prisoners and those who are 're-educated.'" q2JShr6 The caption information from 1945 does not identify the boat as the one on the Missouri River, near today's Chesterfield, or the one at the foot of Arsenal Street. With Short's defeat in the 1956 election, the fort lost its legislative patron and was deactivated again in 1958. Italian POW Rosters in US. Chapter . 1 0 obj Although the total number of escape attempts from U.S. camps was proportionately low, according to Humanities Texas, some POWs did try. As noted in New Georgia Encyclopedia, the hard-liners doled out harsh discipline and attacked fellow prisoners for their lack of patriotism, among other offenses. Photo by Jack Gould of the Post-Dispatch, Two Italian POWs hang out their laundry at Camp Weingarten in June 1943. Prisoners wore rejected GI garb marked with PW.. Branch camps in Missouri were: There are military artifacts from the Civil War onward, including uniforms, armament, letters, medals, and memorabilia of all types. See. Photo by Jack Gould of the Post-Dispatch, A German POW on a boat camp in St. Louis relaxes and reads on his bunk. The most famous of those buried on the installation is German submariner. Chesterfield Ex Satellite Pow Camp is a superfund site located at T 45 N, R 4 E, Sect. Undoubtedly the biggest source of conflict in the POW camps were the ardent Nazis. In 1893, inventor Nikola Tesla first publicly demonstrated radio during a meeting of the National Electric Light Association in St. Louis by t. Missouri figured into this equation, housing some 15,000 prisoners of war from Germany and Italy inside state lines. | However, not all towns and townspeople were happy hosts. Straussberg fled into the woods, but he didnt get far. I will someday donate the cigarette case to a museum for preservation and display, and I believe my brother, Harold McDowell, would agree. It was noted many of the Italians were "semi-emaciated" when arriving in the United States because of a poor diet. Some 500 POW facilities were built, mainly in. Approximately 1,000 Japanese Americans were kept there, under tight security, behind multiple layers of barbed wire fence. Her family eventually found a prisoner of war using it in the middle of the night to go meet a beau in the moonlight. There were four main base camps, each holding between 2,000 and 5,000 prisoners of war. Between then and mid-1944, an average of 20,000 POWs arrived each month, then after the Normandy invasion, the average rose to 30,000. Japanese and German POWs; Japanese, Italian, and German internees; now, Constructed for prisoners, later reused for housing after the war, Fortuitously located outside a city where many locals still spoke German. Sunday, Dec. 11, marks 75 years since the United States declared war on Germany and Italy. Last chance! German prisoners of war were held here during WWII. Camp Weingarten, Missouri 2: Camp Weingarten Italian POW Rosters in US: POWs in the US: POW Death Index in US: WWII: UT POW CD: POW Photos in US: POW and ISU Camps and Hospitals in US: Genealogical Research: ISU Units and Installations in US: . Eventually, every state (with the exceptions of Nevada, North Dakota, and Vermont) had at least one POW camp. As a result, their supervision relaxed, sometimes to the point of being unguarded and unwatched. JFIF C As described in The Washington Post, the War Department, believing that a happy POW was a pliant POW, went above and beyond when it came to POW food, education, and entertainment. The majority of the camps were located in the Midwest, South, and Southwest, and the biggest contingency of POWs 372,000 were German. Out of the ruins of fascist defeat, the U.S. and its allies hoped to plant the seeds of democracy. Genevieve, Missouri, A former CCC camp it was used for POWs who were with Rommel's Afrika Corps. Thousands of Axis POWs worked in the fields, replacing American farm boys gone to war. In Missouri alone there were 4 main base camps. Carl Reiner was stationed at Camp Crowder in the 1940s and when he created the 1960s-era The Dick Van Dyke Show, he made the post the setting where Rob and Laura Petrie, portrayed by actors Dick Van Dyke and Mary Tyler Moore, met; Rob was a sergeant in Special Services and Laura was a USO dancer. The case was crafted by an Italian prisoner of war held at Camp Weingarten south of St. Louis. Shelf Location . [1] As it was constructed, it was re-designated as a U.S. Army Signal Corps replacement training center, an Army Service Forces training center and an officer candidate preparatory school, the first of its kind at any military installation. As documented in by theSociety for Military History, between September 1943 and April 1944, in camps across the country, "6 murders, 2 forced suicides, 43 'voluntary' suicides, a general camp riot, and hundreds of localized acts of violence occurred." Because the branch camps were often short-lived, and some records have been lost or destroyed in the sixty years that have since gone by, it is likely that a couple have been omitted. From 1942 through 1945, more than 400,000 Axis prisoners were shipped to the United States and detained in camps in rural areas across the country. 8 0 obj No one was happy to be a prisoner of war, but many were glad to bide time to count the days until they got back home, Fiedler said. Facilities now serve as an adjunct to the state's mental health program. The farmer did not want to respond by letter but his daughter did, which would eventually result in a marriage. 12 0 obj Transcripts for St. Louis Public Radio produced programming are available upon request for individuals with hearing impairments. As noted by the Library of Congress, among the many protections and guarantees provided to POWs were adequate food, housing, and medical care, "protection from violence, intimidation, insults, and public curiosity," prohibition against medical experimentation, and reciprocal military rights and status. Camp Crowder was a military installation named in honor of Major General Enoch H. Crowder, provost marshal of the United States during World War I and author of the 1917 Selective Service Act. In one incident, Black servicemen were barred from entering a restaurant at a Texas train station while POWs were invited inside to dine with their white captors. The 3,600 prisoners planted tomatoes and took over cooking, attracting American guards with their spicy enhancements to GI fare. In Kansas, according to Smithsonian Magazine, they stacked hay and did masonry. ", As noted in Returning to America: German Prisoners of War and American Experience, of the more than half million Germans who immigrated to America between 1947 and 1960, several thousand were former POWs. POW Photos in US. In Section B of Fort Custer National Cemetery, there are 26 German graves. Consider reading Fiedlers book, which you can find here. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies sites such as Chesterfield Ex Satellite Pow Camp because they pose or had once posed a potential risk to human health and/or the environment due to contamination by one or more hazardous wastes. Complementing that were screenings of carefully selected movies, including horrifying footage showing the liberation of Nazi concentration camps. The front gate of the POW camp at Hellwig Brothers Farm on Gumbo Flats, part of the Missouri River bottomland in St. Louis County. Fiedler recounted the tale of one Italian gentleman who, after he returned to his home country, wrote to a farmer he worked for in Sikeston remarking on how much he liked working with him. <>/Metadata 855 0 R/ViewerPreferences 856 0 R>> Consequently, fanatical Nazis were thrown in with anti-Nazis. Now home to the CMP Headquarters and Gary Anderson competition center. Although the Georgia camp killers were convicted in 1945, Nazi perpetrators, protected by the Convention, usually received minimal or no punishment. Many of the camps where they were held have faded into distant memory as little evidence remains of their existence; however, one local resident has a relic from a former POW camp that provides an enduring connection to the service of a departed relative. Established at Weingarten, a sleepy little town on State Highway 32 between Ste. Romantic relationships remained off limits and strictly forbidden, Fiedler said. The most elaborate escape attempt occurred in 1944, at one of the more spartan camps in Texas. endobj Post-Dispatch photo, German POWs on a "boat camp" in the St. Louis area play chess and relax on the deck in 1945. Not only was racism detrimental to Black servicemen's morale, it also became a Nazi propaganda talking point. Her research led her to Arnold Krammer, who ended up writing a tell-all book with Gaertner. Black soldiers experienced institutionalized discrimination both at home and overseas, and their prejudicial treatment occurred at the hands of not only white Americans but white POWs as well. The POWs were required to watch the film during an assembly in June 1945, one month after Germany surrendered. As author David Fiedler explains in his book "The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During World War II," the state was once home to more than 15,000 German and Italian prisoners of war. From this branch camp, the POWs did mostly farm labor, from 1943 to 1946. American commanders dismissed his report as hysterical. Post-Dispatch file photo, The chow line on a boat camp at St. Louis in 1945. Using a secret 60-foot tunnel equipped with lighting and air bellows, 12 German officers slipped away from their barracks and, armed with tissue-paper maps, went separately toward Mexico. Post-Dispatch file photo, Two German POWs watch the film of Nazi atrocities during a mandatory assembly at their camp at Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri. During one kangaroo court in Georgia, two pro-Nazi POWs charged an anti-Nazi POW with being an informant and liking American jazz. About 15,000 German and Italian prisoners of war spent part of World War II under guard at 30 camps scattered across Missouri. American commanders said it couldn't happen. At the same time, stories about Nazi violence and influence in the POW camps were beginning to circulate. Camp Weingarten quickly grew into a sprawling facility to house Italian POWs brought to the United States and, explained Jefferson City resident Carolyn McDowell, was the site where one of her uncles spent his entire period of service with the U.S. Army in World War II. Jean Shepherd featured many stories of his time at Camp Crowder in various monologues. Levin, 31, and Straussberg, 23, resolved to skedaddle. POWs in the US. The far-reaching 1929 Convention covered such things as camp location, punishments for escapes, and restrictions regarding POW labor. When a group of female columnists informed Eleanor Roosevelt about the situation, she vowed to investigate and take action. POWs who were a part of the ISU received better housing, uniforms and pay. The foundational objectives of the Convention were to "prevent indignities against enemy soldiers" and to ensure that, through the humanitarian treatment of enemy soldiers, American POWs would be equally protected when held by enemy nations. They were: Fort Leonard Wood Camp Weingarten near Ste. Originally, when the government agreed to bring them here, they were concerned about security, Fiedler said. Not only did POWs dine well, they took college courses, set up libraries, and formed orchestras and soccer leagues. mi. Likewise, hundreds of thousands of American GIs were returning to the states and would need the jobs the prisoners of war would be filling so they were no longer needed for their labor efforts, Fiedler said. xwcy[9R^Z hF/!\Zf7!%% Last chance! "He then took it back to camp with him and that's when he gave it to one of the Italian POWs.". ",#(7),01444'9=82. Fort Meade housed about 4,000 German and Italian POWs during World War II. Back at camp, fellow POWs hailed them as heroes. Prisoners of War were not confined solely to the upkeep of their own numbers: many were put to work in the service of U.S. military operations at the camps themselves. As noted in Humanities Texas, the first big batch of POWs arrived in the spring of 1943 following the surrender of Germany's Afrika Korps. jmNR0|mD4wB6.B5 _7w!! As of July 1, 1944, there were 353 camps in 39 states with 18 more camps under construction. By 1943, Arkansas had received the first of 23,000 German and Italian prisoners of war, who would live and work at military installations and branch camps throughout the state. In Texas, for example, POWs picked cotton, harvested fruit, and chopped sugar. Prisoners of war did basic farm work such as harvesting corn or potatoes. In "Icons of Insult: German and Italian Prisoners of War in African American Letters During World War II," author Matthias Reiss recounts numerous instances of racist encounters involving white Americans and POWs. Italys surrender in 1943 changed the status of the Italian POWs, who remained here but were granted more freedom, including occasional trips to the Hill neighborhood. As McDowell went on to explain, her uncle remained at Camp Weingarten until his discharge from the U.S. Army in December 1944. Located between Olympia and Tacoma, Washington. According to Smithsonian Magazine, in 1942, as Great Britain was running out of places to hold Axis prisoners, the U.S. began work on creating its own network of POW camps. Now a fraction of its WWII size, the camp currently has a full-time staff of 11 employees a sharp . more than 400,000 Axis prisoners were shipped to the United States and detained in camps across the nation, The Enemy Among Us: POWs in Missouri During World War II, The Life And Mirror Of A St. Louis Veteran. Most of these POWs were transferred from Camp Roswell, which was a base or main POW camp for New Mexico. Army Col. H.H. "His hometown really wasn't all that far from Camp Weingarten.". The men ate well and were quartered under the same conditions as the Americans assigned to guard them, and the prisoners often enjoyed a great deal of freedom. Leisure activities included Ping-Pong, chess, and card games. Labor unions, however, regarded them as competition for returning U.S. forces and demanded their expulsion. Following World War II, the facilities were taken over by the Veterans Administration with both a hospital and large domiciliary complement. POW Camp Road is a typical graded gravel road in the Gulf Coastal Plains of southern Mississippi. In the United States at the end of World War II, there were prisoner-of-war camps, including 175 Branch Camps serving 511 Area Camps containing over 425,000 prisoners of war (mostly German). Seriously underwater., Neman: Missouri womans saga of trying to find common sense at Walmart, I can still hear the roaring of the engine, says father of teen maimed in downtown St. Louis. %PDF-1.7 The facility constructed and tested engines for the Mercury and Gemini programs until its contract ended in 1968. German and Italian POW Camp during 19421945 housing mostly Africa Corps Officers and Italians enlisted from the Torch Campaign. However, I want to ensure it is recognized for the treasure that it is and it is not simply thrown away, said McDowell. The Army selected the Neosho site for the post due to its proximity to water, a cross roads to two major railroads (Kansas City Southern and the Frisco railroads), and two major U.S. highways (US 71 running north-south and US 60 and US 66, running east-west). Attached to these main camps were branch camps to which they sent prisoners. Two were caught by an El Paso railroad detective just before reaching the border. Union leaders protested the use of POWs at a quarry near Pevely. The POW camps adhered to the Geneva Conventions Missouri Digital Heritage endobj 300 POWs from Camp McCoy arrived at the Calumet County Fairgrounds in June, 1945. Some fought floods with sandbags. Some camps had printing presses that churned out newsletters penned by POWs. The case not only had a specially crafted latching mechanism, but was also etched with an emblem of an eagle on the cover with barracks buildings and a guard tower from the camp inscribed upon the inside. According to American Reeducation of German POWs, 1943-1946, in 1944, as Allied victory appeared imminent, U.S. officials began to plan for a post-war Germany.

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