Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. Adigrat University, College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Adgrat, Tigray, Ethiopia Address: Adigrat University, P.O.Box 50 Abstract: Ethiopia is endowed with diverse cattle genetic resources adapted to various local environmental conditions and acquired unique features. Agriculture. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. The northern parts of the highlands are almost devoid of trees. The economic plan prescribes the following comprehensive measures to overcome the challenges facing the agricultural sector: Enhance productivity of small-holder farmers and pastoralists through provision of modern inputs and services; Develop a legal framework that will allow farmers to lease land and to become shareholders in large commercial farms; Modernize livestock production through improving veterinary infrastructure, research and innovation, and establishing linkages with other industries; Establish effective linkages between agriculture producers and commodity markets as well as the commercial value chain; Encourage private sector investment in agricultural R&D and exploring PPPs to expand medium and large-scale irrigation infrastructure; and. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). However, opponents of villagization argued that the scheme was disruptive to agricultural production because the government moved many farmers during the planting and harvesting seasons. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). @article{Haile1988CausesAC, title={Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan Ethiopia has previously imported cotton from various international suppliers. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. In addition, Ethiopia spent 341 million Birr on food purchases during the 1985-87 period. Background Understanding the landscape features of agricultural lands and soil management practices is pertinent to verify the potential and limitations of the soil resources; and devise relevant land management strategies. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. The existence of so many land tenure systems, coupled with the lack of reliable data, made it difficult to give a comprehensive assessment of landownership in Ethiopia, as well as depressed the ability of peasants to improve themselves. In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. [7], Ensete, known locally as false banana, is an important food source in Ethiopia's southern and southwestern highlands. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. Agriculture. According to the World Bank, agricultural production increased at an average annual rate of 0.6 percent between 1973 and 1980 but then decreased at an average annual rate of 2.1 percent between 1980 and 1987. Agriculture is defined as the purposeful tending of animals and plants.It provides: basic food supplies for the population; raw materials like cotton, sugar cane, oil seeds, etc. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. The Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) is the Ethiopian government ministry which oversees the agricultural and rural development policies of Ethiopia on a Federal level. Ethiopia one of the fastest-growing economies in the continent. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. The Blue Nile from Ethiopia originating form Lake Tana and the White Nile that originated form Lake Victoria merge into the Great Nile River at Khartoum, the Sudan capital to form the longest river of the world draining to the Mediterranean Sea.The Blue Nile Falls is one . According to Ethiopia farming, this ploughing the land to prepare the soil for sow requires around two quarter of a year. About 70 percent of the cattle in 1987 were in the highlands (commonly involved in transhumance),[26] and the remaining 30 percent were kept by nomadic pastoralists in the lowland areas. . Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . During the same period (197387), population increased at an average annual rate of 2.6 percent (2.4 percent for 198087). The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . The anticipated growth in these subsectors could open niche opportunities for sales of U.S. grain and oilseed commodities in the future, as well as processing and storage equipment, such as feed mills and soybean extruders. By 1989, the area covered by the State Farms had grown to a total of 220,000 hectares. 1401 Constitution Ave NW The major product in are teff, wheat, maize, sesame, Niger, linseed etc. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Practically all animals are range-fed. fINTENSIVE FARMING. Most of these farmers lived in the Ethiopian Highlands, mainly at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters. [11], Another major component of the Derg's agricultural policy was the development of large-scale state farms. By 1976 coffee exports had recovered, and in the five years ending in 198889, 44% of the coffee grown was exported, accounting for about 63% of the value of exports. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. The Awash River basin supports many large-scale commercial farms and several irrigated small farms. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. The Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey (ESS) is a collaborative project between the Central Statistics Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. Land tenure rights as well as natural disasters, such as floods, hamper the countrys ability to quickly expand cotton production. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Agricultural inputs, seeds, machinery and equipment used in cotton production. The Mengistu regime encouraged fruit and vegetable production. This study (1) investigates the extent and spatial distribution of soil acidity . In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. Of the 25 World Reference Base/FAO soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. [24] As Ethiopia increasingly experiences the effects of climate change, drought, and desertification, experts predict that "Ethiopia will have to open its markets to grain imports in order to keep up with the growing demand for meat, milk, and eggs.". The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. To show other various factors (political, policy, cultural, religious, affected crop production and productivity in Ethiopia. Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. Grains are the most important field crops and the chief element in the diet of most Ethiopians. As a result, up to 200,000 Ethiopians perished. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic panel household level data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and the link between . During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Both animals have high sales value in urban centers, particularly during holidays such as Easter and New Year's Day. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Agriculture is the mainstay of the Ethiopian economy, contributing 41.4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of the total exports, and 80% of all employment in the country (Matousa, Todob, & Mojoc, 2013). [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. To achieve this, the GOE seeks to leverage on developing huge unutilized arable land, modernizing production systems, and improving uptake of technology. Additionally, camels provide pastoralists in those areas with milk and meat. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). Fresh fruits, including citrus and bananas, as well as fresh and frozen vegetables, became important export items, but their profitability was marginal. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. [7], During the imperial era, the government failed to implement widespread conservation measures, largely because the country's complex land tenure system stymied attempts to halt soil erosion and improve the land. Ethiopia is endowed with abundant agricultural resources and has diverse agro-ecological zones. 2. But the same quantity of teff retailed at 81 birr at food stores belonging to the urban dwellers' associations (kebeles) in Addis Ababa and sold for as much as 181 birr in the open market. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. Ethiopia is also Africa's second biggest maize producer. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. Ethiopia has an extremely diverse topography, climate, culture, population distribution and market access. Export sales of U.S. cotton are expected as demand increases. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment. The sunrise marks the beginning of the day and the sunset marks the end of the day. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Agriculture >. In the 20062007 EFY hides, skins and leather products made up 7.5% of the total export value; live animals accounted for 3.1% of the total value of exports during the same period. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. [27], Most of Ethiopia's estimated 48 million sheep and goats are raised by small farmers who used them as a major source of meat and cash income. The combined pressure of crop and livestock production and the ever-increasing human f AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN ETHIOPIA 285 population on the land in this farming system is high. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. [19][20], Sorghum, millet, and corn are cultivated mostly in warmer areas at lower altitudes along the country's western, southwestern, and eastern peripheries. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. As a result, a number of Indian entrepreneurs are relocating to Ethiopia to develop its thriving flower industry which has led to gains in market share at the expense of neighboring countries. Young herders take their text books of the upcoming school year to the grazing grounds. The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. The powers and duties of the MoA include: conservation and use of forest and wildlife resources, food security, water use and small-scale irrigation, monitoring events affecting agricultural development and early warning system . The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. The contribution of agriculture to growth in the manufacturing and services sectors was not significant between 1978 and 1998. In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. There are also expanding opportunities for grocery sales to retail and wholesale outlets that are starting to spring up all over Addis Ababa. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. [23], However, herding cattle is one of the agricultural activities that resorts to indentured labor and particularly child labor according to the U.S. Department of Labor. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Yet agriculture is the country's most promising resource. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Of an estimated 750,000 hectares of private commercial farms in operation at the time of the 1975 land proclamation, 67,000 hectares were converted into State Farms that, beginning in 1979, were operated by a new Ministry of State Farms. Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Lake Tana Subbasin's Economy and The Role of Natural Resources -- 22. [7], Pulses are the second most important element in the national diet and a principal protein source. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. To meet its agro-processing objectives, the GOE is building Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIP) in four pilot areas: Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, and Tigray regional states. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. The soils of the Great Rift Valley often are conducive to agriculture if water is available for irrigation. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. Depending on international market conditions and local demand factors, there may be opportunities in the future for U.S. wheat and soybean sales to Ethiopia. Furthermore, the ten-year plan envisages to build a climate resilient green economy. Second, because peasants faced food shortages, they gave priority to cereal staples to sustain themselves. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Contract farming, cluster approach and land consolidation, Horticulture (irrigation and urban farming), Climate resilient sustainable agricultural development. In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Local demand for meat, milk and eggs is growing as the economy and population grow. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Food production had consistently declined throughout the 1980s. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. In addition to cattle, small ruminants (goats and sheep) and beasts of burden (donkey, horse, mule) are not uncommon in this farming system.

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