We recruited 87 human subject volunteers ages 1657 among mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients at Bangalore Baptist Hospital (BBH) during a phase of the Indian pandemic (December to June 2021) over which sequenced BBH infections of the delta (B.1.617.2) coronavirus variant increased from a small minority of cases to greater than 60% of Indian infections40. Droplets generated in the upper airways on inhalation travel toward the periphery of the lungs, depositing throughout the airways as a function of droplet size. Laryngeal respiratory droplet generation appears to be driven by the fact that on normal inhalation air passing through the larynx accelerates in the vicinity of the glottis (Fig. A (Simply Saline) control cohort of 20 subjects received by nasal spray an isotonic saline (0.9% sodium chloride) with droplets sized to deposit in the nose of approximately 50m mean diameter. 2. Our observations of reduced symptoms and need for intravenous antibiotic and steroid intervention with laryngeal and tracheal hydration suggest that upper-airway respiratory droplet generation may contribute to the worsening of symptoms of COVID-19 owing to progression of the virus deeper into the lungs by the breakup of airway lining fluid in the upper airways where SARS-CoV-2 infection generally begins. McBriarty, who struggled for months with fluctuating fatigue, brain fog, dehydration and chest tightness, says his first treatment of ivermectin produced a noticeable change. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Make sure you are drinking enough fluids, especially if you have a fever. You may also purchase at home tests at practically any grocery store or pharmacy. It comes as the NHS ramps up its Covid booster campaign, in a bid to turbocharge the country . CEG, GS, US, LRI, SC, IKN, MRB, EF and NM have no competing interests. 1B) to attain turbulent flow conditions (Re up to 8000) at the center of a laryngeal jet of air that exits the glottis and enters the trachea34,35. The particle detector air port was attached by a flexible plastic tube to the side (by a T connector) of a 1 inner diameter tube into which subjects inhaled and exhaled. ADS Body weight was measured for all of the subjects at multiple intervals without change of clothing. 122(9), 555560 (2013). Stay in . COVID-19, as an infectious viral disease induces a heavy burden on the body and can leave patients suffering from symptoms long after recovery, no matter how mild or severe the infection was. A persistent sweet tooth may simply be a sign you . Exhaled aerosol increases with COVID-19 infection, age, and obesity. Long Covid is essentially post-infection conditions that could linger for weeks, months or years long after a person tests negative for Covid-19. Xi, J., Longest, W. & Martonin, T. Effects of the laryngeal jet on nano- and microparticle transport and deposition in an approximate model of the upper tracheobronchial airways. We responded to persistent fever or bad cough not relieved by symptomatic management by administering intravenous antibiotics. 1B) from December 2020 to June 2021 as the delta variant grew from a small minority of cases to greater than 60% of sequenced infections50. Significant organ-specific histopathologic findings are described below. Exhaled particles of all participants were measured by the particle detector method described below, and 40 were randomly assigned to two treatment cohorts (Table 1) with a block randomization design in which patients, clinical and research staff were all blinded to the use of the active or the control. Exhaled aerosol numbers did increase significantly (P=0.0002) with age (n=357) (Fig. 103(5), 9S-18S (1997). We obtained an exemption from IRB approval from E&I Review. Divalent cation hypertonic salt delivery to the nose, larynx and trachea appears to be promising as a simple, safe, non-drug, daily hygiene strategy for upper airway hydration and facilitating natural clearance of inhaled contaminants, including SARS-CoV-2. Studies have shown it prevents severe Covid symptoms, reducing risk for multiple, severe symptoms (a contributing factor to long Covid), and also helps immune function "bounce back" post-virus. MATH & Iwasaki, A. Seasonality of respiratory infections. Acad. Self-reported symptoms significantly declined in the active group and did not decline in the control group. Ann. Alves, M., Kruger, E., Pillay, B., van Lierde, K. & van der Linde, J. The 1 tube connected at one end a mouthpiece provided with standard nebulizer tubing and at the other end a portable HEPA filter. J. Multiph. Muscle twitching. We also measured exhaled aerosol in 87 mildly symptomatic COVID-19 positive patients admitted into Bangalore Baptist Hospital between December 2020 and June 2021 as shown in Fig. Similarly, symptoms of COVID-19 can range from a dry cough to a high fever. Nature 595, 1718 (2021). The optical sensor utilized a polychromatic light source to create a well-defined optical measurement volume, with every particle traveling through the measured volume generating a scattered light pulse. Our very own President & CEO Mary Lou Mastro will post about . 4D). Key symptoms of . This approach has the advantage of controlling humidity variability in the drying of exhaled droplets by shrinking exhaled droplets in the process of countingwhile it is an underestimate of the actual droplet sizes exhaled. Low blood volume shock (hypovolemic shock) This is one of the most serious, and sometimes life-threatening, complications of dehydration. Dry mouth and Covid-19. Public Health 18(8), 4329. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084329 (2021). We calculated statistical significance of differences using a multiway analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for each set of variables. & Primorac, D. Fighting COVID-19 with water. The impact of upper airway hydration on oxygenation needs further study. In the German studies we used a Dried Droplet Counter Method. Started 4 mgs Zofran and Paxlovid yesterday. J. 4C). Not everyone who overcomes the coronavirus returns to a clean bill of health, with one in 10 thought to endure lingering complications, even if they had a relatively mild bout of the infection itself.. Long COVID occurs when a former coronavirus patient develops complications like brain fog, palpitations and even organ . Front. In addition, assign code(s) for specific conditions Ghosh, A., Boucher, R. C. & Tarran, R. Airway hydration and COPD. COVID symptoms like cough, fever and shortness of breath are well known, but coronavirus patients are suffering from a wide range of strange, bewildering symptoms long after their initial bout . Hydration of the upper airways appears promising as a non-drug approach for reducing risks of respiratory diseases such as COVID-19. Google Scholar. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The study was funded by the Azim Premji Foundation and by thePROTECT COVID-19 UK National Core Study on transmission and environment. The following JACC . Hum. The Lancet https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00648-4 (2021). Your urine may also be excessively smelly, or you may be passing less . Evaporating hydrogels naturally develop a thin film of water over free air surfaces in the process of seeking equilibrium with moisture in the air54. The effects also could lead to the development of new conditions, such as diabetes or a heart or nervous . Drink plenty of fluids throughout the day to stay hydrated. Jeffrey L. Jeltema, Ellen K. Gorman, Chad C. Wiggins, Arturo Orea-Tejeda, Manuel Gmez-Martnez, Juan Jos Orozco-Guterrez, Mavi Dorothea Schellenberg, Sandra Imach, Franziska Trudzinski, Andreas Vlp, Jennifer Schmitz, Ralph Msges, Yanjiao Zhou, Daniel Jackson, Avraham Beigelman, Camilla Koch Ryrs, Arnold Matovu Dungu, Birgitte Lindegaard, Cinzia Cecchetto, Antonella Di Pizio, Michele Dibattista, Chia-wei Yeh, Chia-Ju Shih, Ya-ling Chiou, Mark L. Levy, Leonard B. Bacharier, Helen K. Reddel, Scientific Reports 4. The doctor prescribed antivirals for five days.I isolated myself for fourteen days from the family. We find that oxygen saturation increases in moderately symptomatic COVID-19 patients over three days of daily administration of calcium-rich hypertonic salts (Fig. It's been five months since Lucy Gahan contracted Covid-19, and her life still hasn't returned to normal. 19 (ed. We also find that exhaled aerosol is amplified in young and healthy human subjects following exercise-induced whole-body dehydrationreaching levels (Fig. We measured exhaled particles in two independent ways in our three studies in the US, Germany and India. Background of less than 10 particles per liter of air was deemed well sealed. Each delivered per 4s actuation approximately 25mg of hypertonic salt solution. Rep. 11, 4636 (2021). Why Dehydration Might Make COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects Worse. Hamed, R., Schenck, D. M. & Fiegel, J. (D) Exhaled aerosol particle numbers versus BMI-age, with median=1481.22. Greg Vanichkachorn, M.D., director of Mayo Clinic's COVID Activity Rehabilitation Program, describes the most . D.A. 2B,C). **P<0.0025, ***P<0.0001. Greenhalgh, T. et al. "Drink at least 64 to 70 ounces of water every day.". weight loss or poor appetite. Probiotics can support immune system regulation, since almost 80% of your immune cells reside . Long COVID can affect any system of the body, and the severity of symptoms may fluctuate over time. Exhaled aerosol numbers significantly correlated (P=0.0031) with advanced BMI-age (Fig. C.E.G. In the upper airways, evaporation occurs from mucus surfaces on inhalation, hydrating inhaled air, while on exhalation highly humid air from the central and lower airways passes over upper airway mucus surfaces. Edwards, D. A. et al. Brush your teeth regularly after every meal as a dry mouth could decay your teeth. Soft Matter 16(33), 78237834 (2020). Dirty air and poor access to healthcare already threaten the lives of billions of people in low-income regions of the world8, where respiratory disease is the leading cause of death8. 3C). 4B). Recirculating eddies grow in size within the trachea on normal inhalation (air flow in the range of 15L/min to 30 L/min) from the larynx to the carina after which they rapidly dissipate36, generating surface waves and droplet breakup when Reynolds numbers exceed approximately 500037. Fever, splitting headache, back ache, light headed, terrible nausea and vomiting. Our recent work41,46,47,48 indicates that when the salts are divalent they prolong the stabilization effect of the mucus surface for 46h relative to 12h on the breathing of humid air or the delivery of sodium chloride salt to the same anatomical regions. Oxygen saturation was measured for several of the subjects at the t=0, 30min and 60min, and several of the subjects also exhaled aerosol at t=0 with a residual volume breathing maneuver. February 17-19, 2021: The problem worsened day by day due to excessive thirst and difficulty in swallowing, which resulted in extreme weakness and fatigue.I consulted a leading gastroenterologist on February 18.To my amusement, he checked me on WhatsApp video call and prescribed tests for Liver function, Urine infection, thyroid, and Hb1Ac. 56, 244252 (1999). Hydrating well pre- and post-COVID vaccine, Dr. Nagrani says, . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08609-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08609-y. Participants were screened for SARS CoV-2 infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) before enrollment. Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India, Carolin Elizabeth George,Leeberk Raja Inbaraj,Sindhulina Chandrasingh&Indu K. Nair, GS BIO-INHALATION GmbH, Germunden, Germany, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK, School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, Sensory Cloud, 650 East Kendall St, Cambridge, MA, USA, School of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, USA, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, John A Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA, You can also search for this author in https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00869-2 (2021). When fats don't break down properly, the bile present in your stool can cause . February 2, 2021: I fainted and was unconscious due to low. Mallah, S. L. et al. The CVS MinuteClinic in York reports stomach bugs, viral upper respiratory infections, COVID, strep throat and secondary infections like sinus and ear infections. While the rapid and effective development of vaccines5 and drugs6 have reduced the burden of COVID-19 in many high and middle income regions, lack of access to or practical delivery of pharmaceutical solutions in low-income countries has created a growing gap in health, education, and economic prospects between the most and least wealthy people on the planet7. 4, 110 (2020). Viaframe/Getty Images. With shortness, of . Sriram, K. et al. We measured C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and D-Dimer in blood samples of all participants at the commencement of the study to assess inflammation and need for intravenous antibiotics. Patients were blinded to whether they received the active or the control. 36(1), 2126 (1984). Over the course of the three days of administration, oxygen saturation rose significantly (P=5.981e07) in the active group and did not change (P=0.533) in the Simply Saline control group (Fig. COVID-19 long-haulers experience an array of widespread and debilitating symptoms even after the virus clears from their system, and latent viruses may account for many symptoms. Once the lower plateau of particle counts was reached subjects continued to breathe normally for the determination of exhaled aerosol particle number. collected and reported data related to the BBH COVID-19 human subject study. ADS Oxygen saturation levels and treatment scores remained unchanged from admission to release from the hospital (see Supplemental Material). For the active group at 60min (30min post-delivery of the calcium-rich hypertonic salts) exhaled aerosol significantly diminished (P=0.045) with mean exhaled aerosol of 151.9113.2 particles per liter of air (Fig. Exhaled particles are counted and sized in a similar way as in the Non-Dried Method, while involving drying of exhaled droplets and assessment of droplets as small as 150nm. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on wellbeing and cognitive functioning of older adults. Crowther, R. S. & Marriott, C. Counter-ion binding to mucus glycoproteins. (less in the morning). We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. A. PubMed Bake, B. et al. Dehydration, Bloating and Irregular Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Additionally, I got hiccups and burped for five days. 144, 110237 (2020). Dizziness, headache, muscle cramps, and more symptoms could be signs that you need to drink more fluids. Apart from the infection, it has also affected people, psychologically. We gathered some of the top food-related symptoms reported in individuals with the disease. Exhaled aerosol droplets were predominately submicron (see Supplemental Material). Beginning phase. Differences in average age and disease severity of patients in our study (Table 1) were insignificant between December 2020 and June 2021, as were environmental factors including relative humidity and air quality, suggesting that increase in proportion of delta variant infections may be a cause of the amplification of respiratory droplet generation over the duration of our study and a factor in the increased contagiousness of the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. ADS The laryngeal jet of air consequently drives upper airway respiratory droplet generation on inhalation38, and on exhalation39 with phonation (Fig. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome is a multisystem disorder that commonly affects the respiratory, cardiovascular, and hematopoietic systems. The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available via the provided hyperlink information in the supplementary material. Newswise SCOTTSDALE, AZ, MARCH 11, 2020 - Amid escalating concerns about derivative health implications of COVID-19 and influenza illnesses in generalwith dehydration paramount among the . She revealed that she's swollen due to extreme dehydration connected to POTS syndrome and exacerbated by a dry, cold climate. & Normando, D. Effects of temperature and humidity on the spread of COVID-19: A systematic review. . PLoS ONE 14(9), e0221330 (2019). Hou, Y. J. et al. Low ambient humidity impairs barrier function and innate resistance against influenza infection. Google Scholar. Healthy volunteers (17 males, 3 females, no smokers) participated in a coordinated workout that involved weight training and other physical exercises over 60min within an air-conditioned gymnasium at 2025 C and 5070% relative humidity with all exhaled aerosol measurements performed once subjects had recovered normal tidal breathing. Exclusion criteria included at all three sites included: human volunteers younger than 18years or older than 70; negative (for Germany and US) or positive (India) nasopharyngeal swab for SARS-Cov-2 (RT-PCR) (within 1week); subjects with chronic debilitating illness like cancer, immune deficiency etc. 5, 557565 (2021). With the mouthpiece placed back onto the tubing, subjects performed normal tidal breathing through the mouthpiece while plugging their noses with their fingers over 1 to 2minbeginning with two deep breaths to empty their lungs of environmental particles. Lancet 18(11), P1191-1210 (2018). We studied respiratory droplet generation and oxygenation in a range of phenotypical states, including those characterized by whole-body dehydration, and following upper airway hydration. You can become dehydrated easily when you're sick, especially if you have a fever. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. dry and itchy skin. (E) Exhaled aerosol particle numbers from 87 mildly symptomatic COVID-19 subjects. Lauc, G., Markoti, A., Gornik, I. Rev. Zhuang, P. et al. We monitored all patients each day for oxygen saturation levels, body temperature, IV antibiotic and steroid treatment (where needed), and self-reported symptoms on a scale of 15 (increasing in scale from no symptoms to the most severe symptoms). Pre-existing heart conditions and poor metabolic health increase risk of severe COVID-19. Kidney Int. Update: The CDC updated the list of COVID-19 symptoms on April 27 to include loss of taste or smell; headache; body ache; chills and sore throat. Finck, C. & Lejeune, L. Structure and oscillatory function of the vocal folds. Over the subsequent 30min of exercise (up to 60min from start of exercise) exhaled aerosol increased dramatically for two of the control subjects (Fig. We used face-mask sampling to detect and quantify exhaled SARS-CoV-2 as further described in the Supplemental Material. Small airway respiratory droplet generation also occurs40,52. . 2A) (mean 21431.3 particles per liter). frequent need to urinate. EPJ Web Conf. B 72, 2337 (2018). Opin. At 30min into the workout half of the subjects were randomly selected to receive by nasal inhalation a calcium-rich hypertonic salt solution (4.99% calcium chloride and 0.01% sodium chloride by weight) with mean droplet diameter around 10m (approximately 20% of the droplets smaller than 7m) targeting the nose, trachea, and main bronchi (see Supplemental Material). Microbiol. (A) The human glottis during open (inhalation) and closed (exhalation) normal tidal breathing; (B) Airflow, droplet generation and turbulent eddies in the human larynx on normal inhalation; (C) Airflow, droplet generation and turbulent eddies on speech (phonation with exhalation). Practice deep breathing on . Ritz, P. et al. Can't even keep water down. It is my observation that in post-COVID excessive thirst or less saliva are linked with weak immunity and weakness of your body.The day I feel exhausted, fatigue, or very less energetic is followed by a dry mouth, sore throat, and swelled tongue leading further to difficulty swallowing. 104, 17611777 (2008). COVID-19 symptoms are reduced by targeted hydration of the nose, larynx and trachea, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08609-y. No significant difference in exhaled aerosol or size distribution was observed between male (145) and female (212) subjects (P>0.05) or between (self-identified) smoker (62) and non-smoker (195) subjects (P>0.05) (Supplemental Material). Google Scholar. Correspondence to A temporary increase in heart rate can be caused by a lot of different things, including dehydration. Green color. CAS 72(19), 36373652 (2015). CAS Otolaryngol. Exhaled breath from subjects was collected as with the Non-Dried Droplet Counter by a t-adapter with HEPA filter, mouthpiece and connection port to the Resp-Aer-Meter via a hose. John Bonfiglio experienced confusion, persistent dizziness, and tremors after being hospitalized . Beyond vaccines: Clinical status of prospective COVID-19 therapeutics. Google Scholar. Enhanced surfactant concentration on airway lining fluid destabilizes surfaces and promotes droplet breakup43,44. Hydration for clean air today. We also find in a protocol of exercise-induced airway dehydration that hydration of the airways by calcium-rich saltsincreases oxygenation relative to a non-treatment control (P<0.05). All participants received the active or the control three times a day over the first three days following the start of the study. For some people, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causes symptoms that last for weeks or months after the infection has gone. Symptoms of being moderately ill with COVID-19 include coughing, fever above 100.4, chills and a feeling that you don't want to or can't get out of bed, says Adalja. J. Glob. 2E) than non-infected individuals (Fig. Health 10, 010344 (2020). Pol. participated in the overall design of the study. February 20-21, 2021: The problem got even more severe due to excessive drinking of water and bloating.My mouth got inflamed, swelled along with bumps on the tongue.I could not eat citrus fruits as it gave a serious burning sensation in the mouth and the food pipe. 27, 740746 (2008). Upper airway dehydration further alters the dynamics of the glottis26, the triangular-shaped narrow passage within the larynx bounded by the vocal folds (Fig. Although most people with COVID-19 experience mild symptoms or moderate illness, approximately 10-15% of cases progress to severe disease, and about 5% become critically ill. Sci. 3A,B) otherwise observed in the non-infected elderly and obese human subjects (Fig. We evaluated exhaled aerosol of all active and control patients before and after salt administration for one to two hours post-delivery. Two deep nasal inhalations of approximately 4s constituted an administration with each of the aerosol generators. Christopher Zink, the off-island visitor whose body was found near a hiking trail in Humtak, died of overheating and dehydration, according to the island's chief medical . At the end of January this year, I got infected with COVID-19 and the result was as follows. Of these there were 212 male and 145 female, 65 smokers and 292 non-smokers, ages 1883, and BMI 17 to 43 (see Supplemental Material). George, C. E. et al. 5, 110 (2021). There is therefore an urgent need for practical, implementable and effective scientific solutions to minimize risks of respiratory disease such as COVID-19 among the least fortunate. Edwards, D. A. et al. Inflammation, redness, and swelling of the. Kidney failure This potentially life-threatening problem occurs when your kidneys are no longer . But, according to anecdotal reports, you may experience dehydration, or extra thirst, after your top-up shot.. 4C), as well as during exercise-induced dehydration, although the latter conclusion is based on a small data set and will need tobe validated by further study. Scheinherr, A. Glottal Motion and Its Impact on Airflow and Aerosol Deposition in Upper Airways During Human Breathing. PLoS ONE 15(9), e0238339 (2020). Sci. (A) Exhaled aerosol particle numbers from 39 mildly symptomatic COVID-19 subjects following administration of hypertonic calcium-rich salts targeting the upper airways (activeFEND), and 39 mildly symptomatic COVID-19 subjects following administration of nasal saline spray (Simply Salinecontrol); (B) Oxygen saturation levels as a function of days of administration of FEND (left, n=17)) and Simply Saline (right, n=20) control; (C) % intravenous antibiotic or steroid intervention required among those subjects with high inflammation in the FEND cohort (9 of 20 subjects) and in the Simply Saline cohort (9 of 19 subjects); (D) Self-reported symptom scores (on scale 1 to 5, with 1=no symptoms, and 5=most severe symptoms) as a function of days of hospitalization and administration over the first three days of FEND (right)and Simply Saline control(left). J. Fluid Mech. We further monitored exhaled aerosol, symptoms scores and oxygen saturation levels for 10 of the 37 non-treated subjects over the course of their hospitalization as reported in the Supplemental Material. Observations and Self medications that helped me: Take a glass full of water mix with a spoon of. Given the lower flow-rate through the system relative to the US and India measurement system (for the German system the flow rate was 9.5 L/min), the instrument comprised a heated hose section upstream of the measurement cell to avoid condensation effects and enable evaporation of larger droplets. Thank you for visiting nature.com. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/insacog-data-too-confirm-rise-of-b-1-617-across-states/articleshow/82781103.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst. If your tongue is white after you get vaccinated, it's likely a sign of dehydration. and U.S. designed and conducted the human subject study performed in Marburg Germany. Acad. JS is an employee, DA a board member, and DAE the founder of Sensory Cloud Inc. As consultants, employees, board members and founder of Sensory Cloud, AJH, RDF, JS, DE and DAE own shares in Sensory Cloud Inc. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Mean exhaled aerosol among those with normal C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels (less than 10mg/L) was not significantly different (P=0.362) than mean exhaled aerosol of those with elevated CRP levels (greater than 10mg/L). Within the airways there then appears to be a traffic of respiratory droplets from the upper airways to the lower airways, and from the lower airways to the upper airways, this traffic predominating in one direction or the other depending on many factors that should be further explored, including the degree of air volume expired, the rate of air flow, and the health and hydration state of the individual. said Dr. Rena Daiza from Henry Ford Family Medicine. Keep the oximeter in handy and regularly check your oxygen level on the oximeter.Consult your doctor if the oxygen level is below 92 or you feel more congestion. As I described in a blog post back in April, some health conditions, like diabetes, increase risk of severe COVID-19 by suppressing the immune system; others, like asthma, increase risk by weakening the lungs. Phys Fluids 30, 101901 (2018). On the last day of my isolation, I felt fit and fine with no post-COVID or long-haul symptoms. I hope to become healthy soon and wish the same for every person in the world who is suffering. PubMed Flow 17(6), 767782 (1991). Dana Williams/PDN. 1, e5 (2020). With the preponderance of airway lining fluid volume existing in the small airways and alveolar region of the lungs16, movement of airway lining fluid from the lower to the upper airways is essential in the form of condensate from the fully saturated air exhaled out of the lungs, as well as deposition of respiratory droplets generated in the small airways (Fig. We then examined the treatment effects of upper airway hydration in moderately symptomatic COVID-19 patients in a randomized control clinical study. 4B) did not change overall exhaled aerosol for the group (P=0.122), while some subjects did exhale fewer respiratory droplets post administration of the nasal saline control, suggesting the possibility that some patients in the control arm of the study may have experienced an active effect of the nasal saline on aerosol generation in the trachea given prone positions in hospital beds and post-nasal drip, a possibility further discussed in the Supplemental Material.

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