Brain Res Rev. Biol Chem. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. Singh et al. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. 2001;93:2037. Arch Environ Health. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Behav Brain Res. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 2003;80:194210. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Google Scholar. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. . Wang et al. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. Many recent studies have reported that microwaves exposure affects EEG results [54,55,56,57]. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. J Neuro. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2009;27:556572. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Specifically, the Federal Communications . found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. 2003;11:346. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. 2009;72:20514. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. Phot J. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Cancer Res. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. 2005;22:32931. Synapse. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. 2013;34:26474. Neurotoxicology. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. 2002;5:18995. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Eastern J Med. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. 2000;11:4135. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. CAS Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. PubMed Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. J Neuro-Oncol. Bioelectromagnetics. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. Neurobiol Learn Mem. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. The visual reaction time and short-term memory of healthy male and female workers at a radar site with a frequency range of 218GHz was recorded with a simple blind computer-assisted-visual reaction time test or modified Wechsler Memory Scale test. 2005;161:52635. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. Calabr E, Condello S, Curr M, Ferlazzo N, Caccamo D, Magaz S, et al. 2006;79:13140. Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. The conclusions are shown in Table3. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Many adversarial effects on health causes by electromagnetic. J Mol Neurosci. 2003;80:177. 2011;343:5224. 2013;42:428. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. Of the numerous studies performed to explore the effects of mobile communication devices on humans, only a few have shown that cell phones and brain tumors are statistically correlated. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. 2014;53:22230. Article Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. 2014;9:e95503. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Acta Neurol Belg. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. . The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Google Scholar. CAS Therefore, the central nervous system is considered one of the most sensitive organs that is targeted by microwave radiation [1, 2]. Springer Nature. Mortazavi et al. PubMed Interphone study group. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. However, the problem with these studies is that different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, and power density of the radiation and the irradiation time, were used to evaluate microwave radiation between studies. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. Durkin TP, Messier C, de Boer P, Westerink B. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. 1984;11:4760. Neuroreport. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Effect of a 915-MHz simulated mobile phone signal on cognitive function in man. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. 1984;4:285665. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. 2010;473:525. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Harris KM. 1990;39:13543. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2012;112:1715. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. CAS PubMed Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Clinics. Wang H, Peng R, Zhou H, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. 2005;25:10190201. Bioelectromagnetics. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Lai et al. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2015;36:4804. 2007;96:218196. 2006;12:44651. Int J Radiat Biol. 1992;49:1818. Wang et al. 2012;31:6774. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Bioelectromagnetics. Zhao et al. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. With the increasing number of applications that use microwave technology, its negative effects on the human body have attracted attention. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. CAS Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Electromagn Biol Med. 2006;27:11926. 2013;34:58998. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. 2000;284:30017. Smythe JW, Costall B. Am J Epidemiol. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Part of Cell Biochem Biophys. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Oncol. The authors therefore proposed that synaptic conduction disorders are associated with damage to cognitive functions. 2004;25:4957. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. 1999;9:3438. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. 2008;29:52738. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. 1999;4:102. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Xu et al. 2003;14:2436. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. Verma et al. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. 2014;12:75. Biochem J. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. static fields, health effects, human health, environmental effects, SCENIHR, Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks Opinion to be cited as: It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Richter et al. Bull Exp Biol Med. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with 2004;115:1490505. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. Kwon et al. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. 2006;98:170713. statement and Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Rev Environ Health. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. PubMed -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. 2000;11:16413. P Nat Acad. Cellular telephones and cancera nationwide cohort study in Denmark. 2005;130:591600. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Chin J Indus Hyg. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Kan P, Simonsen SE, Lyon JL, Kestle JR. Cellular phone use and brain tumor: a meta-analysis. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. 2002;64:31353. 2004;48:46624. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Google Scholar. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. Im HI, Kenny PJ. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. Quantitation, regional vulnerability, and kinetic modeling of brain glucose metabolism in mild Alzheimers disease. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. miRNAs are non-coding sequences with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that have roles in cell development and differentiation and are also linked to signal transduction and tumorigenesis. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. Professor, Asst Director at VIT Brain Res. Cosquer et al. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn.

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